Waggoner, Joseph Harvey (1820–1889)

Joseph Harvey Waggoner’s thirty-seven-year ministry as an evangelist, editor, author, organizer, and administrator had a major impact in shaping the Seventh-day Adventist Church.

Early Life and Education

Waggoner’s ancestors emigrated from England to America in the eighteenth century, migrating from Connecticut to New York and then to Pennsylvania by the early nineteenth century.¹ In 1805, Jacob Waggoner (1785-1858), a farmer, married Christiana [maiden name unknown] (1781-1850), and the couple settled in the Susquehanna River Valley of eastern Pennsylvania.² Joseph Harvey Waggoner, born on June 29, 1820, in Pittston, Luzerne County, was the second of their eight children, including Levi (1818-1882), David (1826-1902), Phillipena (1835-1892), Mary (1839-1914), Hannah (1840-1901), Israel (1842-1913), and Malinda (1844-1910).³

On November 13, 1833, Joseph witnessed the “falling of the stars,” an impressive Leonid meteor shower that was visible until dawn. Half a century later, he recalled the event: “Such a scene of glory I never expect to behold again until the heavens depart as a scroll, and Jesus with his myriads of shining angels appears.”⁴

Joseph received only six months of formal schooling,⁵ primarily because elementary education in Pennsylvania was not free until 1834 and his help was needed on the farm.⁶ He developed practical skills as a painter, carpenter, and construction worker,⁷ and labored parttime in a printshop setting type. There he learned correct grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and how to craft meaningful paragraphs.⁸ His early life was shaped by his family’s Presbyterian faith, their Anti-Masonic and abolitionist views,⁹ and the fact that the Underground Railroad passed near their home.¹⁰ These countercultural influences may in part explain why he was later willing to join a radical religious sect, the Sabbatarian Adventists.

Move to Wisconsin

In 1845, the Waggoners left Pennsylvania and moved to Portland, Illinois. There on April 16, 1845, Joseph, 25, married Marietta Hall (1823-1908), 22, the daughter of Samuel Hall (born 1793) and Betsey Elizabeth Martin (1798-1871), and the granddaughter of Ichabod Martin (1759-1829), and Lnu (1770-1806), a Narragansett Indian from Connecticut, by which union Marietta was one-quarter Native American.¹¹ After their wedding, Joseph and Marietta moved to the Wisconsin Territory,¹² where their first six children were born: David (1846) in Prairie du Lac; Christiana (1848-1884) in Baraboo; Ruby (1850-1913) in Kingston; Maryetta (1851-1921) in Baraboo; Ellis (1853-1855) in Packwaukee; and Ellet (1855-1916) in Waukau.¹³

In the 1840s, the Wisconsin Territory was a rugged, heavily forested wilderness where Native Americans roamed freely and the scattered settlers traveled by foot, horseback, or stagecoach.¹⁴ As farmers, the Waggoners were so poor that they could not afford a horse and buggy.¹⁵ When John N. Loughborough first met Joseph Waggoner, he noticed that his boots were “badly worn.”¹⁶ To better provide for his family, Waggoner in 1851became co-editor with George Clark of the Sauk County Standard in Baraboo.¹⁷ Waggoner used the paper to advance the goals of the Liberty Party (abolition of slavery and equal rights for Blacks), the Free-Soil Party (no extension of slavery to western territories), and Democratic local and state politics. Under his direction, the Standard covered national and international news, crop prices, and natural and man-made disasters.¹⁸ Waggoner supported the divine inspiration of the Scriptures¹⁹ and attacked secret societies.²⁰ His position gained him popularity as a public speaker and committee man.²¹ But in March 1852 he resigned due to ill health and financial hardship.²² Sometime prior to 1852 the Waggoners also joined the Baptist Church in Baraboo.²³

Conversion and Early Ministry

In December 1851 a former Millerite with whom Joseph and Marietta were taking Bible studies invited them to hear Heman Case and Waterman Phelps, two Michigan Sabbatarian Advent preachers, speak on the seventh-day Sabbath, the Third Angel’s Message, the United States in Bible prophecy, and the end-time prophecies in Daniel and Revelation. After studying these subjects for a week, the Waggoners became Sabbatarian Adventists. As a result, they were expelled from the Baptist Church. Convinced that he should stop smoking, Joseph threw his pipes and cigars into the woodburning stove.²⁴

Waggoner began speaking in Adventist meetings and “by circumstances rather than by choice,” he became a preacher of Present Truth.²⁵ From 1852 to 1855, he traveled around Wisconsin, Illinois, and Indiana, sometimes walking 50 to 110 miles.²⁶ His preaching colleagues included Joseph Bates, Thaddeus M. Steward, Waterman Phelps, Hiram S. Case, John N. Loughborough, Merritt E. Cornell, and D. P. Hall.²⁷ Waggoner gained a reputation as a successful debater with Disciples of Christ and Age-to-Come opponents.²⁸ At a conference in Rosendale, Michigan, in April 1854, Waggoner was ordained to the gospel ministry.²⁹ Three months later the Review press in Rochester, New York, published 6000 copies of his pamphlet The Law of God to combat antinomianism and promote the seventh-day Sabbath.³⁰

However, the lapse into Age-to-Come fanaticism by his colleagues J. M. Stephenson, D. P. Hall, Waterman Phelps, and Solomon Wellcome in 1854 so depressed Waggoner that for a few months he quit preaching.³¹ In 1855 James White invited him to work in Michigan, so the family moved to Saline in 1855³² and to Burlington in 1858.³³ In addition to preaching with Merritt E. Cornell, Joseph Bates, William S. Ingraham, and Alfred S. Hutchins,³⁴ Waggoner served as a corresponding editor of the Review.³⁵ In 1856 he assisted Smith and White in preparing a tract on the Sabbath for German-speaking immigrants.³⁶ But while preaching against spiritualism in 1857, Waggoner was hypnotized by a spirit medium and temporarily lost his ability to speak.³⁷ He then engaged in a six-month written debate on the Sabbath with the Baptist minister N. Fillio³⁸ in Battle Creek which was published in the Review and at the Israelite Office in Cincinnati.³⁹

Role in Local Church Organization

As a proponent of “Gospel Order,” Waggoner established several local churches and encouraged believers to convene “general conferences” (regional gatherings) in the 1850s.⁴⁰ In 1858, he also memorized the books of Daniel and Revelation as he traveled to meetings.⁴¹ During 1858 and 1859 he preached in Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio with Moses Hull, Charles W. Sperry, and T. J. Butler.⁴² In 1858 believers raised $125 to purchase a house for the Waggoners in Burlington, Michigan, which would be their home for the next thirty years.⁴³

Waggoner’s Writings

Waggoner also unified the movement theologically by writing over 1500 articles on doctrinal and practical subjects between 1852 and 1889 in the Advent Review and Sabbath Herald, Signs of the Times, Health Reformer, Pacific Health Journal, and the American Sentinel. His writing style is detailed, didactic, and doctrinaire. His favorite topics included social and political issues, Christian lifestyles, the Sabbath, God’s law, apocalyptic prophecy, spiritualism, the nature of Christ/Trinity, healthful living, the Sabbath, spiritual gifts, the atonement, baptism, religious liberty issues, and church order.⁴⁴ In addition, Waggoner composed three songs: “Trust” (1882), “Why?” (1882), and “Faith, Hope, and Love” (1883).⁴⁵

Many of Waggoner’s views, which reflected his ultraconservative bent, would not be acceptable today. He recommended faith healings rather than going to a physician.⁴⁶ He believed that the law in Galatians 3 was the Ten Commandments.⁴⁷ As an Anti-Trinitarian, he saw Christ as a created being whose divinity was subordinate to that of the Father, and the Holy Spirit as a power, not a Person.⁴⁸ Christ’s death on the cross was the sacrifice but not the atonement for sin; only Christ’s priestly work in the heavenly sanctuary provided the atonement.⁴⁹ He was a pacifist who opposed any participation in war or paying the commutation fee for others to fight in one’s place.⁵⁰ He read and quoted from the Koran and the writings of Confucius.⁵¹ Regarding health reform, he favored eating two meals a day and opposed salt, vaccinations, and chewing gum.⁵² He harbored prejudices against Catholics, Mormons, the Chinese, Native Americans, and the French.⁵³ He equated psychology with mesmerism and spiritualism as “forms of Satanic deception.”⁵⁴ Waggoner believed Adventists should give sin offerings but not collect tithes on Sabbath.⁵⁵ He opposed “open” Communion, believing that non-Adventists and unbaptized or unregenerate members should not participate in the foot-washing and Communion services.⁵⁶ In the American Sentinel he often penned derogatory remarks against the Religious Amendment Association and National Reform Association for their efforts to “make America Christian again.”⁵⁷

Waggoner’s Ill Health

Although the Waggoners became avid health reformers after 1866, Joseph was undoubtedly the sickest Adventist minister in the 19^th Century due to inherited and acquired illnesses. Throughout his career, he suffered repeatedly from bad colds, hoarseness, malaria, neuralgia, rheumatism, pleurisy, dysentery, migraine headaches, bronchitis, asthma, hernias, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and “prostration” which forced him to spend several weeks at the Health Reform Institute in Battle Creek, Michigan, the Rural Health Retreat in St. Helena, California, and various water cures and health spas.⁵⁸

Despite these setbacks, Waggoner expanded his ministry in the 1860s, holding tent meetings in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Iowa, New York, Pennsylvania, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Massachusetts, forming local churches, building meetinghouses, establishing quarterly meetings, participating in faith healings, and debating Age-to-Come and Disciples of Christ opponents.⁵⁹ After receiving testimonies from Ellen White in 1860, 1870, and 1872 criticizing Marietta for being a fretful, fault-finding mother whose influence was detrimental to her husband’s ministry and Joseph for his harsh, judgmental attitude, unbelief, and lack of self-denial,⁶⁰ Marietta publicly repented in the Review, but Joseph did not.⁶¹

Role in Conference and General Conference Organization

In 1860 Waggoner was elected to the Review and Herald Board of Trustees.⁶² In June 1862 he was the first to propose forming a General Conference Association.⁶³ He helped draft its constitution in May 1863.⁶⁴ In 1867 Waggoner was elected president of the Ohio Conference for one term with Joseph Clarke as secretary.⁶⁵ In 1868 he was chosen as one of twelve editors of the Health Reformer and briefly as acting editor of the Review.⁶⁶ As a member of the three-man General Conference Committee, Waggoner frequently served on its hymnbook, nominations, resolutions, publication, and auditing committees.⁶⁷ In 1869 he helped to organize the New England Conference.⁶⁸

Between 1870 and 1875, Waggoner’s administrative duties grew exponentially. Reelected to the General Conference Executive Committee in 1870, he was sent as the Church’s delegate to the North American Advent Christian Conference session in Rochester, New York,⁶⁹ and he introduced the Rev. N. Wardner, the Seventh Day Baptist delegate to the 1870 and 1871 Seventh-day Adventist General Conference sessions.⁷⁰ He served on the executive committee of the Ministers’ Lecture Association;⁷¹ participated in the infamous “Purge” that trimmed Battle Creek’s Adventist membership from 400 to 12;⁷² wrote the constitution for the New England Tract and Missionary Society;⁷³ and helped organize the first Health Reform Institute’s “hygienic festival” that hosted 750 Battle Creek citizens at an Adventist feast.⁷⁴ He served as president of the Seventh-day Adventist Publishing Association;⁷⁵ organized Tract and Missionary societies across the Midwest;⁷⁶ and may have suggested the term “editress” as an excuse to pay Youth’s Instructor editor Jane Trembley half the salary of a male editor.⁷⁷ In 1872 Waggoner chaired the contentious Dress Reform Convention that decided the specifications for the “reform dress.”⁷⁸ He also became embroiled in the controversy surrounding George I. Butler’s “Leadership” essay in 1873. Waggoner hoped to replace James White as the Church’s leader and become pastor of the Battle Creek Adventist congregation.⁷⁹ Despite an estrangement in 1874 with the Whites (who blamed Waggoner, Smith, and Andrews for James’ recent stroke),⁸⁰ Waggoner “mended fences” by helping Ellen revise the 1878 edition of her Testimonies and by cooperating with James in organizing the first Battle Creek Biblical Institute for 150 ministers.⁸¹ Waggoner also found time to attend quarterly meetings, conferences, and camp meetings in Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Indiana, Ohio, and Wisconsin.⁸²

Ministry in California

In January 1875 Waggoner moved to California (leaving his family behind in Burlington, Michigan) to pastor the Oakland and San Francisco Adventist churches.⁸³ He and D. M. Canright held evangelistic meetings in Santa Rosa, Woodland, Vallejo, Stockton, Watsonville, and Gilroy.⁸⁴ While preaching at the Fairfax camp meeting, he and James White gained instant healing following prayer.⁸⁵ In 1876 Waggoner and Isaac D. Van Horn held evangelistic meetings in Oregon City and Salem, Oregon, and formed the North Pacific Mission.⁸⁶ James White, Uriah Smith, and Waggoner organized a seventeen-day Biblical Institute at Oakland in 1877 for ministers.⁸⁷ During 1877 and 1878, he preached at camp meetings in Kansas, Missouri, Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Maine, and Vermont. As a General Conference representative at the state conference sessions that usually followed camp meetings, he often served on the nominations and resolutions committees.⁸⁸ In 1878, the General Conference Committee sent Waggoner as the Church’s official delegate to the national Seventh Day Baptist Conference session in Plainfield, New Jersey.⁸⁹ In September 1878 he was elected editor of the Signs of the Times with Lucinda Hall and Delphia Jane Frisbie as his assistants.⁹⁰ The following year he was appointed to the Pacific Press Publishing Committee.⁹¹ But unlike Review editor Uriah Smith, who seldom left his office, Waggoner enjoyed preaching at California camp meetings at San Joaquin Valley, Fresno, and elsewhere,⁹² and occasionally hiked and camped among the giant Sequoias of northern California.⁹³ His commitment to temperance led him to establish the first Health and Temperance Club at the Oakland Adventist church in October 1879;⁹⁴ he also wrote the constitution for the California State Health and Temperance Society.⁹⁵

Shift from Public Evangelism to In-Church Revivalism

During the 1880s, Waggoner shifted his focus from public evangelism to attending camp meetings, conference sessions, and committees. Despite his rheumatism, he and California Conference president Stephen N. Haskell attended Adventist gatherings throughout California, holding worship services, quarterly meetings, camp meetings, and dedicating new meetinghouses.⁹⁶ In 1881 and 1882, Waggoner joined Isaac D. Van Horn at the first camp meetings in the Upper Columbia Conference at Dayton, Washington Territory and Cornelius, Oregon.⁹⁷ He helped establish Healdsburg College, chaired its board of trustees, and gave a ten-week series of lectures on biblical topics and church history to its twenty-six students in the fall of 1882.⁹⁸

As editor of the Signs, Waggoner strongly defended religious liberty and freedom of conscience and opposed efforts by the Home Protection Association, the Religious Amendment Association, the League of Freedom, and the National Reform Association to pass Sunday laws and “make America Christian again.”⁹⁹ After the California Sunday law passed in 1882, Waggoner and William C. White were arrested and fined for operating the Pacific Press Publishing Company on Sunday; consequently, the press had to close for a while.¹⁰⁰ After 1600 Jews, Seventh Day Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists, and Chinese workers were arrested and fined for Sunday labor, Waggoner and Uriah Smith organized a ten-week state-wide campaign to abolish the Sunday law.¹⁰¹ A Democratic-elected Senate repealed the law on February 6, 1883.¹⁰²

At the General Conference session in Rome, New York, in 1882, Waggoner made the motion to increase the General Conference Committee from three to five men, the first change in twenty years.¹⁰³ In May 1883, his son, Dr. Ellet Waggoner became assistant editor of Signs. Within six months, the Waggoners doubled its circulation from 10,000 to 20,000 subscribers.¹⁰⁴ In 1884, Joseph Waggoner, W. C. White, J. O. Corliss, and Jenny Ings organized the Pacific Coast Council, an administrative unit that included California, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington Territory.¹⁰⁵

Expanding Editorial Duties

Besides editing the Signs and serving as a corresponding editor for the Review, in 1884 Waggoner became a corresponding editor for the British paper Present Truth.¹⁰⁶ In 1885 he was asked to edit the Pacific Health Journal and Temperance Advocate¹⁰⁷ and the next year, he became editor of the American Sentinel.¹⁰⁸ In addition to his editorial duties, he was elected to several administrative positions. He was one of seven directors of the Rural Health Retreat Association in St. Helena, California;¹⁰⁹ he chaired the Pacific Coast Council and drafted five rules for its member conferences to follow;¹¹⁰ and as a member of the California Conference Executive Committee, he helped update its constitution.¹¹¹ When attending General Conference sessions, Waggoner was frequently appointed to between seven and nine key committees.¹¹²

Yet he also continued preaching, not only as the pastor of the Oakland and San Francisco Adventist churches, but also as a popular camp meeting speaker. In 1884 and 1885 he spoke at camp meetings in Washington Territory,¹¹³ Oregon,¹¹⁴ Nevada,¹¹⁵ and California.¹¹⁶ In addition, he traveled across the United States, promoting city missions in Chicago, Cleveland, and elsewhere;¹¹⁷ supporting Stephen N. Haskell’s Adventist Mission Booth at the American Exposition in New Orleans;¹¹⁸ and encouraging the establishment of church schools and teacher training programs at Adventist colleges.¹¹⁹

Despite these positive contributions, as Waggoner aged, certain prejudices became prominent in his articles. He repeatedly criticized the Salvation Army for its “ridiculous…apings of military display,” “noisy demonstrations,” “fanatical and nonsensical rantings,” and “ridiculous street harangues,” which he felt “burlesqued” the gospel and were “calculated to bring the gospel of Christ into contempt in the sight of all intelligent, thinking people.”¹²⁰ Likewise, he attacked the Mormons for their “concealments and evasions,” and “the foul blot of polygamy,” which he saw as “a degradation as vile, as abhorrent as ever cursed any people or any race. It is the greatest abomination of this age…a perverter of the public conscience and a destroyer of general morality.” He urged the Federal Government to suppress this “crime.”¹²¹ While he decried the brutal treatment of the Chinese by some white citizens, he called San Francisco’s Chinatown “a nuisance” and hoped that such “pagan” ethnic enclaves would not spread across America. He also wanted to restrict Asian immigration to the United States.¹²² Waggoner condemned “hoodlums” (street gangs) as “hounds and brutes” in human form who should be executed for abusing female citizens,¹²³ and he saw ice-skating rinks as “abodes of impurity and death,” which, as threats to female morals, should be avoided “as the pest-house.”¹²⁴

Unfortunate Fall

A San Francisco Adventist couple, Captain Charles Chittenden (1844-1934) and his wife Lottie Foree Chittenden (c. 1845-1896), frequently invited Waggoner to visit them and to go sailing on their yacht around the bay. In 1882, Waggoner told Ellen White that he had developed “an unusual love” for this family.¹²⁵ By 1885 his adulterous affair with Lottie Chittenden had become public knowledge. When Marietta discovered one of Lottie’s love letters in Joseph’s suitcoat, she threatened to give the pair’s correspondence to a Protestant denomination famous for its attacks on Seventh-day Adventists if church leaders did not take action.¹²⁶ Ellen White wrote several testimonies of rebuke to Joseph Waggoner,¹²⁷ Lottie Chittenden,¹²⁸ and Charles Chittenden,¹²⁹ calling upon each of them to repent, confess their sins, and reform their lives, but to no effect. White then enlisted the help of General Conference President George I. Butler and California Conference President Stephen N. Haskell in resolving the issue.¹³⁰ She urged both men to “save him [Waggoner] if you can, brethren. Satan is trying hard for his soul.”¹³¹ They tried, but saw no signs of genuine repentance in Waggoner’s demeanor.

Consequently, in 1887 Waggoner’s name was removed from the mastheads of the Review, Signs, and Pacific Health Journal (but not from the American Sentinel). That spring, Joseph and Marietta transferred their Burlington, Michigan, property to their children,¹³² and left for Switzerland, where they resided in an upstairs apartment at the Imprimerie Polyglotte at 48, Weiherweg, Basel, the headquarters of the Adventist French and German publishing house.¹³³

Ministry in Europe

In 1887, Waggoner helped Marian Davis prepare Ellen White’s Great Controversy for publication, and the following year, he assisted in updating the expanded edition of Life Sketches of James and Ellen White.¹³⁴ He also preached at the first camp meetings on the Continent at Moss, Norway, and Tramelan, Switzerland, in the summer and fall of 1888.¹³⁵ Following Buel Whitney’s death in April, Waggoner became editor-in-chief of the German paper Herold Der Waurheit and the French paper Les Signes des Temps¹³⁶ and with the help of his multi-lingual staff, published several tracts in French, German, and Russian as well as German and French editions of the book Life of Christ.¹³⁷ In March 1889, he completed his book, From Eden to Eden, which appeared in French and German editions.¹³⁸

While in Switzerland, Waggoner served on the European Council and the Central European Publishing Board, where he and Ludwig Conradi, Buel Whitney, John Matteson, and Stephen N. Haskell decided what English books to translate into French and German and what journals to promote in various parts of Europe.¹³⁹ In June 1888 he helped establish the Pieterlen School in Basel, the first Seventh-day Adventist educational institution in Europe.¹⁴⁰ Although the Waggoners did not celebrate Christmas, he and Marietta joined the publishing staff in December 1888 for a mission-oriented Yuletide program with singing, games, a world globe, and a parade with banners.¹⁴¹

On Wednesday, April 17, 1889, Waggoner, feeling unwell, arose at 5:00 a.m. to stoke the fire and take some medicine in the kitchen. He died quietly in his sixty-ninth year of a brain aneurism.¹⁴² He was buried on Sabbath, April 20, in a grave adjacent to that of John Nevins Andrews, his preaching partner in the 1850s and 1860s and his missionary predecessor to Switzerland in 1874. Their names were inscribed in gold letters on a common shaft of black granite.¹⁴³ On May 7, 1889, Marietta returned to Burlington, Michigan, where she lived with her son Ellery and his wife Nellie. Following a fatal fall, Marietta died on February 8, 1908, at the age of 84; she was buried in an unmarked grave in the Burlington cemetery.¹⁴⁴

Contributions

Joseph Harvey Waggoner cast a lengthy shadow over the nineteenth-century Adventist Church. As an evangelist he pioneered the Adventist message in the Midwest in the 1850s, in New England in the 1860s, on the West Coast in the 1870s and 1880s, and in Western Europe from 1887 to 1889. As an organizational innovator, he played key roles in incorporating local churches, building meeting houses, establishing quarterly meetings, starting Tract and Missionary societies, and forming Biblical Institutes, the Seventh-day Adventist Publishing Association in Battle Creek, the General Conference, the Pacific Press Publishing Company in Oakland, the Rural Health Retreat in St. Helena, the Pacific Coast Council, Healdsburg College, and the Pieterlen School in Basel.

As a progressive administrator, he served as president of the Ohio Conference, helped organize the New England Conference and the North Pacific Mission, and was president of the Seventh-day Adventist Publishing Association and the Pacific Coast Council. Throughout his life, he served on many boards: the Review and Herald Board of Trustees; the General Conference Executive Committee (which he expanded from three to five men); the Executive Committee of the Ministers’ Lecture Association; the Pacific Press Publishing Committee; the Healdsburg College Board of Trustees; the California Conference Executive Committee; the California State Health and Temperance Society; the European Council; and the Central European Publishing Board.

Waggoner was editor or corresponding editor of more newspapers and periodicals than any other pioneer. These included the Sauk County Standard in Baraboo, Wisconsin; the Advent Review and Sabbath Herald and the Health Reformer in Battle Creek, Michigan; the Signs of the Times, Pacific Health Journal and Temperance Advocate, and the American Sentinel in Oakland, California; and Present Truth in Great Grimsby, England. In addition, he wrote over 1500 articles and published twenty pamphlets and books, some of them translated into French and German.

As an abolitionist and Free-Soil Democrat, Waggoner advocated for the freedom and equality of African Americans and against the spread of slavery to Western territories. As an Adventist minister for thirty-seven years, he spoke, wrote, and debated against Age-to-Come advocates, Disciples of Christ, Mormons, antinomians, spiritualists, and, in the interests of religious liberty and freedom of conscience, against the Home Protection Association, the Religious Amendment Association, the National Reform Association, and the League of Freedom, all of whom favored Sunday laws. He was a popular camp meeting speaker in the United States and Europe, where he participated in the Moss, Norway, and Tramelan, Switzerland, gatherings.

Finally, as a self-proclaimed conservative, Waggoner, by voice and pen, encouraged members to be biblically orthodox, behaviorally legalistic, spiritually pious, physically temperate, financially generous, and self-denying Seventh-day Adventists.

Selected Sources

Advent Review and Sabbath Herald. 1851-1889.

American Sentinel, The. 1886-1889.

Burton, Kevin. “Centralized for Protection: George I. Butler’s Philosophy of One-Person Leadership.” M.A. Thesis, 2015. Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan, U.S.A.

Chilson, Adriel. Trial and Triumph on a Western Frontier: Thrilling Stories of Adventist Pioneering. Elko, NV: Heritage Publications, 1976.

Douglass, Herbert E. Messenger of the Lord. Nampa, ID: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1998.

Fiebelkorn, Winona, and Kimberly Tagert-Paul, eds. On the Road with Joseph Harvey Waggoner. Bronson, WI: J.C. Printing, 1996.

Fortin, Denis. George I. Butler: An Honest but Misunderstood Church Leader. Nampa, ID: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 2023.

Hakes, D.S. Pearly Portals: For the Sabbath School. Boston: G.D. Russell, 1882.

Health Reformer, The. 1866-1878.

Knight, George R. Ellen White’s Afterlife. Nampa, ID: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 2019.

Pacific Health Journal and Temperance Advocate, The. 1885-1887.

Sauk County Standard, The. Baraboo, Wisconsin. October 2, 1851-March 10, 1852.

Signs of the Times, The. 1878-1889.

Spalding, Arthur W. Origin and History of Seventh-day Adventists, 4 vols. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1961-62.

Strayer, Brian E. “J. H. Waggoner: Editor, Evangelist, and Defender of the Faith.” Unpublished Manuscript, 2024.

Strayer, Brian E. J. N. Loughborough: The Last of the Pioneers. Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 2014.

Valentine, Gilbert. J. N. Andrews: Mission Pioneer, Evangelist, and Thought Leader. Nampa, ID: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 2019.

Waggoner, J. H. Angels, Their Nature and Ministry. Oakland, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Company, 1891.

Waggoner, J. H. The Atonement: An Examination of a Remedial System in the Light of Nature and Revelation. Oakland, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Company, 1884.

Waggoner, J. H. The Church: Its Organization, Ordinances, and Discipline. Oakland, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Company, 1886.

Waggoner, J. H. From Eden to Eden: A Historic and Prophetic Study. Oakland, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Company, 1888.

Waggoner, J. H. Justification by Faith. Oakland, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Company, 1889.

Waggoner, J. H. The Kingdom of God: An Examination of the Prophecies Relative to the Time and Manner of Its Establishment; or a Refutation of the Doctrine Called, The Age to Come. Battle Creek, MI: Steam Press of the Review and Herald Office, 1859.

Waggoner, J. H. The Law of God: An Examination of the Testimony of Both Testaments. Rochester, NY: The Advent Review Office, 1854.

Waggoner, J. H. The Lost Time Question. Oakland, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Company, 1889.

Waggoner, J. H. The Mark of the Beast. Battle Creek, MI: Seventh-day Adventist Publishing Association, 1864.

Waggoner, J. H. The Nature and Obligation of the Sabbath of the 4^th Commandment. Battle Creek, MI: Steam Press of the Review and Herald Office, 1872.

Waggoner, J. H. The Origin and Growth of Sunday Observance in the Christian Church. Oakland, CA: The Bible Students Library, Pacific Press Publishing Company, 1889.

Waggoner, J. H. Refutation of the Doctrine Called the Age to Come: Embracing a Critical Examination of the Temporal Millennium, the Return of the Jews, Time and Manner of the Establishment of the Kingdom of God, the Day of the Lord, and the Promises to Israel. Battle Creek, MI: Seventh-day Adventist Publishing Association, 1872 [1859].

Waggoner, J. H. A Review of a Series of Discourses Delivered by N. Fillio, in Battle Creek,  Michigan, March 13^th to April 4^th, 1857, on the Sabbath Question. Battle Creek, MI: Review and Herald Office, 1857.

Waggoner, J. H. Review of the Two Sermons of Rev. R.G. Baird, on the ‘Christian Sabbath,’ and a Defense of the Sabbath of the Lord, as Taught in the Fourth Commandment and Observed by Seventh-day Adventists. Battle Creek, MI: Steam Press of the Seventh-day Adventist Publishing Association, 1875.

Waggoner, J. H. The Salem Witchcraft: A Lesson for Our Times. Oakland, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Company, 188-.

Waggoner, J. H. The Spirit of God: Its Offices and Manifestations to the End of the Christian Age. Battle Creek, MI: Steam Press of the Seventh-day Adventist Publishing Association, 1877.

Waggoner, J. H. The Ten Commandments Not Abolished: Are the Ten Commandments or Any Part of Them Binding on Christians? Oakland, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Company, 1889.

Waggoner, J. H. Thoughts on Baptism: Being an Examination of Christian Baptism, Its Actions,  Subjects and Relations, also a Brief Consideration of the Historical Evidences for Trine Immersion. Battle Creek, MI: Seventh-day Adventist Publishing Association, 1881.

Waggoner, J. H. The Truth Found: A Short Argument for the Sabbath. Battle Creek, MI: Steam Press of the Review and Herald Office, 1858.

Waggoner, J. H. A Written Discussion upon the Sabbath, by Elder J.H. Waggoner, Seventh-day Adventist, and Elder Peter Vogel, of the Church of Christ. Quincy, IL: Office of the Gospel Echo and Christian, 1872.

Whidden, Woodrow. E. J. Waggoner: From the Physician of Good News to Agent of Division. Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 2008.

White, Arthur L. Ellen G. White. 6 vols. Vol. 2: The Progressive Years, 1862-1876. Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1986.

White, Arthur L. Ellen G. White. 6 vols. Vol. 3: The Lonely Years, 1876-1891. Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1984.

Notes

1. 1910 United States census, Seneca County, New York, roll 36, FHL microfilm 0181390, page 254, image Nym252_36-0154, digital image, “Waggoner, Jacob,”Archives.com, accessed February 23, 2024, www.archives.com; 1820 United States census, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, roll M33_105, page: 230, image: 152, digital image, “Waggoner, Jacob,”Archives.com, accessed February 23, 2024, www.archives.com.↩

2. 1820 United States census, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, roll M33_105, page: 230, image: 152, digital image, “Waggoner, Jacob,” Archives.com, accessed February 23, 2024, www.archives.com.↩

3. Waggoner family genealogy in www.archives.com (accessed Feb. 23, 2024).↩

4. J. H. Waggoner, “The Falling of the Stars,” Signs of the Times, April 13, 1888, 232.↩

5. Winona Fiebelkorn and Kimberly Tagert-Paul, eds., On the Road with Jospeh Harvey Waggoner (Bronson, WI: J. C. Printing, 1996), 18.↩

6. Paul A.W. Wallace, Pennsylvania: Seed of a Nation (NY: Harper & Row, 1962), 175-177.↩

7. 1850 United States census, Sauk County, Wisconsin, roll 1006, microfilm M432, page 18a, digital image, “Waggoner, Joseph,” Archives.com, accessed February 23, 2024, www.archives.com.↩

8. Fiebelkorn and Tagert-Paul, eds., Waggoner, 23.↩

9. Wallace, Pennsylvania, 174.↩

10. William J. Switala, Underground Railroad in Pennsylvania (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001), 166-74.↩

11. Federal Census Records for 1800 and 1850; New Hampshire, U.S., Birth Index, 1659-1900; Saul Research Tree; New York Genealogical Records, 1675-1920, in www.ancestry.com (accessed July 22, 2024); see also Fiebelkorn and Tagert-Paul, eds., Waggoner, 3.↩

12. Wisconsin was a territory from 1836 until May 29, 1848 when it became a state. H. Russell Austin, The Wisconsin Story: The Building of a Vanguard State (Milwaukee: The Milwaukee Journal Company, 1948), 101.↩

13. For the Waggoner family genealogy, see Woodrow Whidden, E.J. Waggoner: From the Physician of Good News to Agent of Division (Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 2008), 21.↩

14. Richard N. Current, The History of Wisconsin, vol. 2: The Civil War Era, 1848-1873 (Madison, WI: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1976), 45, 48, 52, 86-90.↩

15. Fiebelkorn and Tagert-Paul, eds., Waggoner, 7.↩

16. J. N. Loughborough, quoted in Whidden, E.J. Waggoner, 22.↩

17. Sauk County Standard, October 2, 1851, 1 and October 9, 1851, 1.↩

18. See issues of the Sauk County Standard from October 2, 1851 to March 10, 1852 on www.newspapers.com.↩

19. J. H. Waggoner’s letter to the Sauk County Standard, October 2, 1850, 1.↩

20. J. H. Waggoner, “A Son of Temperance,” Sauk County Standard, March 20, 1851, 1.↩

21. For example, he spoke at Independence Day festivities, a toll bridge opening celebration, and as secretary of the Sauk County Railroad Committee. See Sauk County Standard ,July 10, 1851, 1; January 7, 1852, 2; and January 14, 1852, 2.↩

22. J. H. Waggoner, Sauk County Standard, March 10, 1852, 2.↩

23. J. H. Waggoner, ARH, January 23, 1883, 57.↩

24. Ibid., 57-58.↩

25. J. H. Waggoner, “The Third Angel’s Message,” ARH, February 20, 1883, 121.↩

26. Arthur W. Spalding, Origin and History of Seventh-day Adventists, 4 vols. (Washington, DC: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1962), 1:257-58.↩

27. Brian E. Strayer, “J. H. Waggoner: Editor, Evangelist, and Defender of the Faith,” unpublished manuscript (2024), 46-53.↩

28. Adriel Chilson, Trial and Triumph on a Western Frontier: Thrilling Stories of Adventist Pioneering (Elko, NV: Heritage Publications, 1976), 59, 162.↩

29. M. E. Cornell, Report, ARH, April 18, 1854, 101. D. P. Hall, J. M. Stephenson, and Waterman Phelps were also ordained at this conference.↩

30. See J. S. White, ARH, July 18, 1854, 188 and September 19, 1854, 44.↩

31. Strayer, “Waggoner,” 57-58.↩

32. ARH, January 3, 1856, 112.↩

33. Fiebelkorn and Tagert-Paul, eds., Waggoner, 9-10.↩

34. Strayer, “Waggoner,” 61-70.↩

35. The masthead for ARH, December 4, 1855, 73 lists J.H. Waggoner, J. N. Andrews, J. S. White, R. F. Cottrell, and Stephen Pierce as “Corresponding Editors” and Uriah Smith as “Resident Editor.”↩

36. Joseph Bates and J.H. Waggoner, Report, ARH, May 29, 1856, 44.↩

37. J. H. Waggoner, Report, ARH, February 5, 1857, 108.↩

38. Most likely Nelson Fillio, ordained in Alden, New York, in 1846 (Western Literary Messenger, February 7, 1846, 15)↩

39. See J. H. Waggoner, “Review of a Series of Lectures on the Sabbath Question, Delivered in Battle Creek, March 31^st-April 4^th, 1857,” ARH, August 6, 1857, 108-109; August 13, 1857, 116-18; September 10, 1857, 149-50; September 17, 1857, 157-58, 160; December 24, 1857, 56; January 28, 1858, 96.↩

40. See J.H. Waggoner, ARH, December 24, 1857, 56; J.H. Waggoner and A.S. Hutchins, “Conference in Hillsdale,” ARH, January 14, 1858, 80; Hutchins, “Meetings in Hillsdale, Mich.,” ARH, February 25, 1858, 128; and Waggoner, “Conference at Round Grove, Ills.,” ARH, Mar. 11, 1858, 132, 136.↩

41. Chilson, Trial and Triumph, 43.↩

42. Strayer, “Waggoner,” 72-78.↩

43. J.H. Waggoner, “Pledges,” ARH, November 25, 1858, 8.↩

44. Strayer, “Waggoner,” 81-99, 147-68, 212-40, 290-313, 344-57.↩

45. Waggoner’s songs “Trust” and “Why?” were published in D.S. Hakes, Pearly Portals: For the Sabbath School (Boston: G.D. Russell, 1882; Oakland, CA: Pacific Press Company, 1882).↩

46. J.H. Waggoner, “Gospel Benefits,” ARH, December 9, 1852, 113.↩

47. Uriah Smith to W.A. McCutchen, August 6, 1901. While Bates, Andrews, White, Smith, and other pioneers shared this view, in 1856 Stephen Pierce challenged it by asserting Galatians 3 encompassed the entire law system, including the ceremonial laws, and with Ellen White’s support, this became the official church view. See also, George Knight, Ellen White’s Afterlife (Nampa, ID: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 2019), 21.↩

48. J.H. Waggoner, “What Think Ye of Christ?” ARH, November 19, 1867, 348; idem, “The Atonement,” ARH, November 3, 1863, 181; idem, “The Holy Spirit of Promise,” Signs of the Times, March 4, 1875, 132-33; idem, The Atonement (Oakland, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Company, 1884), 164-78.↩

49. J.H. Waggoner, “Questions Answered,” ARH, July 29, 1858, 84-85; idem, Justification by Faith (Oakland, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Company, 1889).↩

50. J.H. Waggoner, “Our Duty and the Nation,” ARH, September 23, 1862, 132-33. In 1862 Waggoner and B.F. Snook were placed under military arrest and deported from Iowa as suspected secessionists. See Uriah Smith, “Is It Not Time,” ARH, August 26, 1862, 100.↩

51. J.H. Waggoner, “The Atonement,” ARH, September 13, 1864, 125-26.↩

52. J.H. Waggoner, “Two Meals a Day,” Health Reformer (hereafter HR), August 1866, 13-14; idem, “On Using Salt in Food,” HR, August 1868, 23-25; idem, Pacific Health Journal and Temperance Advocate (hereafter PHJ), June 1885, 2-23; idem, August 1885, 25-48; idem, October 1885, 49-70; idem, December 1885, 73-96.↩

53. J.H. Waggoner, “Seventh-day Baptists in China,” Signs of the Times, April 24, 1879, 132; idem, “Try the Spirits,” ST, April 22, 1875, 185-86; idem, “Effects of a Flesh Diet,” HR, April 1873, 116-17; idem, “The Gospel of Health,” HR, September 1871, 80; idem, “Mariolatry Not Christianity,” Signs of the Times, October 6, 1881, 450.↩

54. J.H. Waggoner, “Mesmerism,” Signs of the Times, May 20, 1886, 296-97.↩

55. J.H. Waggoner, “Tithes and Debts—Nature of Obligations,” Signs of the Times, November 11, 1880, 498; idem, “Systematic Giving,” Signs of the Times, March 27, 1884, 201-202.↩

56. J.H. Waggoner, “Mr. Spurgeon and the Baptist Union,” Signs of the Times, July 13, 1888, 425.↩

57. See Strayer, “Waggoner,” 346-49. The American Sentinel was the predecessor of Liberty magazine.↩

58. J.H. Waggoner, “Visit to the Health Institute,” ARH, October 30, 1866, 173; idem, “An Apology,” ARH, April 30, 1867, 246-47.↩

59. Strayer, “Waggoner,” 101, 103-106, 109, 113-14, 119, 124, 126-29, 138-44.↩

60. E.G. White to Marietta Waggoner, Letter 4, April 19, 1860; White to Joseph Waggoner, Letter 6, 1870; White to Joseph Waggoner, Letter 3, 1872; and E.G. White, “Communications to Elder M[oses] Hull,” ARH, January 19, 1864, 62.↩

61. Mary [sic] H. Waggoner, “A Confession,” ARH, May 14, 1861, 206. Joseph did not issue a public apology until 1868. See J.H. Waggoner, “To the Believers in the Third Angel’s Message,” ARH, September 1, 1868, 165.↩

62. ARH, October 23, 1860, 178.↩

63. J.H. Waggoner, “General Conferences,” ARH, June 24, 1862, 29.↩

64. “The Conference,” ARH, May 26, 1863, 204-206.↩

65. J.H. Waggoner, “The Ohio Conference,” ARH, August 20, 1867, 153, 156.↩

66. J.S. White, ARH, April 7, 1868, 272; idem, “The Health Reformer,” ARH, June 9, 1868, 400.↩

67. Strayer, “Waggoner,” 117, 130, 135, 139.↩

68. J.H. Waggoner, “Maine State Conference,” ARH, November 9, 1869, 158.↩

69. J.H. Waggoner, “Advent-Christian Conference of North America,” ARH, January 18, 1870, 29.↩

70. “8^th General Conference Session Business Proceedings,” ARH, March 22, 1870, 109-110; “The Conference,” ARH, January 2, 1872, 20-21.↩

71. “Ministers’ Lecture Association,” ARH, April 12, 1870, 132.↩

72. Gilbert Valentine, J.N. Andrews: Mission Pioneer, Evangelist, and Thought Leader (Nampa, ID: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 2019), 394-98, 405.↩

73. J.H. Waggoner, “General Meeting in New Ipswich, N.H.,” ARH, November 22, 1870, 183.↩

74. J.H. Waggoner, Report, ARH, August 1, 1871, 52.↩

75. J.H. Waggoner, “The State of the Cause,” ARH, January 16, 1872, 44.↩

76. J.H. Waggoner, “The Organization of Tract Societies,” ARH, February 27, 1872, 84.↩

77. J.S. White, “Seventh-day Adventist Publishing Association,” ARH, January 2, 1872, 21.↩

78. J.S. White, “Dress Reform Convention,” ARH, March 5, 1872, 93; J.H. Waggoner, “The Dress Reform,” ARH, April 16, 1872, 141.↩

79. For an in-depth discussion of this controversy, see Denis Fortin, George I. Butler: An Honest but Misunderstood Church Leader (Nampa, ID: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 2023), 136-48, and Kevin Burton, “Centralized for Protection: George I. Butler’s Philosophy of One-Person Leadership” (Andrews University, M.A. Thesis, 2015).↩

80. J.S. White to G.I. Butler, July 13, 1874. See also, Valentine, Andrews, 517-18.↩

81. Herbert E. Douglass, Messenger of the Lord (Nampa, ID: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1998), 116-18; Arthur L. White, Ellen G. White, 2:457-58.↩

82. Strayer, “Waggoner,” 173-75, 177-78, 181-82, 185-86.↩

83. J.H. Waggoner, “Arrival in California,” ARH, February 18, 1875, 61.↩

84. Strayer, “Waggoner,” 189-92.↩

85. Ellen White, Testimonies, 3:505.↩

86. I.D. Van Horn, “North Pacific Mission,” ARH, August 31, 1876, 78.↩

87. Uriah Smith, “The Biblical Institute in Oakland, Cal.,” ARH, May 3, 1877, 140.↩

88. Strayer, “Waggoner,” 197-204.↩

89. “Meeting of the General Conference Committee,” ARH, July 4, 1878, 12; “S.D. Baptist Conference,” ARH, October 17, 1878, 312.↩

90. “Seventeenth Annual Session of the General Conference of S.D. Adventists,” ARH, October 17, 1878, 121-22.↩

91. “Pacific S.D.A. Publishing Association,” ARH, April 24, 1879, 135. Edson White and Lucinda Hall were also appointed to the Publishing Committee.↩

92. J. H. Waggoner, “Southern California Camp-Meeting,” Signs of the Times, September 11, 1879, 276; S. N. Haskell, “Fresno, Cal., Camp Meeting,” ARH, September 18, 1879, 100.↩

93. J. H. Waggoner, “Centennial Big Tree,” HR, March 1877, 77-78.↩

94. Barbara Stickney, “Health and Temperance Club at Oakland, Cal.,” ARH, October 23, 1879, 139.↩

95. W. J. Bostwick, “California State Health and Temperance Society,” Signs of the Times, October 16, 1879, 309.↩

96. J. S. White, “Illness of Elder Waggoner,” Signs of the Times, January 29, 1880, 44; S. N. Haskell, “California,” ARH, September 30, 1880, 237; J.H. Waggoner, “Alameda, Cal., Camp-Meeting,” ARH, September 30, 1880, 232.↩

97. Strayer, “Waggoner,” 248-50, 259-60.↩

98. J. H. Waggoner, “Our School Prospects,” Signs of the Times, March 9, 1882, 114; Report, Signs of the Times, April 20, 1882, 192; Sydney Brownsberger, “Academy Items,” Signs of the Times, June 8, 1882, 260; J. H. Waggoner, “College Incorporation,” Signs of the Times, September 21, 1882, 428-29.↩

99. Strayer, “Waggoner,” 255-59.↩

100. J.H. Waggoner, “Home Protection,” Signs of the Times, March 2, 1882, 102; idem, “Sunday in California,” ST, October 5, 1882, 456.↩

101. Signs of the Times-Extra, September 7, 1882, 1-4.↩

102. J. H. Waggoner, Signs of the Times Special Edition #10, November 16, 1882; idem, “The Sunday Law,” Signs of the Times, February 15, 1883, 78.↩

103. J. H. Waggoner, “From Oakland to Rome, N.Y.,” Signs of the Times, December 21, 1882, 570.↩

104. Sign of the Times, May 10, 1883, 210; S. N. Haskell, “California Conference Proceedings,” Signs of the Times, September 27, 1883, 428-29.↩

105. J. H. Waggoner, “Pacific Coast Council,” Signs of the Times, March 13, 1884, 168. The Pacific Coast Council was in effect a division of the General Conference to administer the work in the younger and weaker Conferences on the West Coast.↩

106. G.I. Butler, “The New Paper in England,” Signs of the Times, April 17, 1884, 249-50.↩

107. J. H. Waggoner, “A Pacific Health Journal,” Signs of the Times, May 14, 1885, 304.↩

108. J. H. Waggoner, “The Mormon Question,” American Sentinel, January 1886, 2-4.↩

109. W. A. Pratt, “Rural Health Retreat Association,” Signs of the Times, April 17, 1884, 251.↩

110. J. H. Waggoner, “Pacific Coast Council,” Signs of the Times, July 17, 1884, 430.↩

111. J. H. Waggoner, “California Camp-Meeting,” Signs of the Times, October 2, 1884, 584; idem, Signs of the Times, October 9, 1884, 600-602; idem, “Conference Constitution,” Signs of the Times, October 9, 1884, 599.↩

112. “General Conference Proceedings,” ARH, November 4, 1884, 700-701; idem, ARH, November 11, 1884, 712-13; idem, ARH, November 18, 1884, 728-29; idem, ARH, November 25, 1884, 74-75; idem, ARH, November 24, 1885, 728; idem, ARH, December 1, 1885, 745-46.↩

113. J. H. Waggoner, “Camp-Meeting at Walla Walla, W. T.,” Signs of the Times, July 3, 1884, 408.↩

114. J. H. Waggoner, “North Pacific Camp-Meeting,” Signs of the Times, July 17, 1884, 424; C. L. Boyd, “North Pacific Camp-Meeting,” ARH, August 4, 1885, 493.↩

115. J. H. Waggoner, “Nevada Camp-Meeting,” Signs of the Times, September 18, 1884, 568.↩

116. J. H. Waggoner, “California Camp-Meeting,” Signs of the Times, October 2, 1884, 584; idem, “Camp-Meeting in Humboldt County,” Signs of the Times, July 23, 1885, 447; idem, “Camp-Meeting in Eureka, Cal.,” Signs of the Times, August 20, 1885, 505; idem, “The California Camp-Meeting,” Signs of the Times, October 8, 1885, 600.↩

117. J. H. Waggoner, “Chicago Mission,” ARH, December 23, 1884, 807; idem, “Report of Meetings,” ARH, January 13, 1885, 26. While in Chicago Waggoner met Langdon Miller, the Seventh-day Adventist son of William Miller.↩

118. J. H. Waggoner, “Visit to New Orleans,” Signs of the Times, February 12, 1885, 104; idem, “New Orleans Exposition,” Signs of the Times, February 19, 1885, 120.↩

119. W.C. White, “Stockholders’ Meeting, Healdsburg College,” Signs of the Times, May 28, 1885, 331.↩

120. J. H. Waggoner, “Question Answered,” Signs of the Times, April 17, 1884, 248; idem, “Question,” Signs of the Times, February 19, 1885, 121. On the other hand, Loughborough greatly enjoyed Salvation Army singing bands and female preaching. See Strayer, Loughborough, 272-73, 362.↩

121. J. H. Waggoner, “The Mormon Question,” American Sentinel, January 1886, 2-4; idem, “The Mormon Question,” American Sentinel, February 1886, 10-11; idem, “Judge Black on Utah,” American Sentinel, April 1886, 28.↩

122. J. H. Waggoner, “The Chinese Question,” American Sentinel, March 1886, 20-21; idem, “American Slavery,” Signs of the Times, April 8, 1886, 224.↩

123. J. H. Waggoner, [“Hoodlums”], Signs of the Times, March 11, 1886, 160.↩

124. J. H. Waggoner, “Use of Skating Rinks,” Signs of the Times, January 28, 1886, 64.↩

125. J. H. Waggoner to Ellen White, June 28, 1882.↩

126. See Whidden, Ellet J. Waggoner, 340-41 and Fortin, G. I. Butler, 333. The unnamed denomination was probably the Disciples of Christ, famous for debating Adventist evangelists.↩

127. Ellen White to Joseph Waggoner, Letter 10, 1885; idem, April 1886; idem, September 6, 1886.↩

128. Ellen White to Lottie Chittenden, January 25, 1886.↩

129. Ellen White to Charles Chittenden, February 5, 1873; idem, c. 1875; idem, May 9, 1877.↩

130. Ellen White to G. I. Butler, January 16, 1886; idem, September 6, 1886; idem, September 14, 1886; idem, December 1886.↩

131. Ellen White to G. I. Butler [and S. N. Haskell], September 14, 1886.↩

132. Fiebelkorn and Tagert-Paul, eds., Waggoner, 14.↩

133. Signs of the Time, May 25, 1888, 319.↩

134. Arthur L. White, Ellen G. White, 3:440, 445.↩

135. S. N. Haskell, “From Moss, Norway,” Signs of the Times, July 7, 1887, 409; J. H. Waggoner, “Camp-Meeting in Tramelan, Switzerland,” Signs of the Times, October 5, 1888, 599.↩

136. Karl Waber, Streiflichter aus der Geschichte der Siebenten-Tags-Adventisten in der Schweiz, vol. 1 (1995); “Organizations for 1888,” ARH, January 10, 1888, 32. T. Valentiner and August Kunz served as assistant editors.↩

137. J. H. Waggoner, “Central European Mission,” Signs of the Times, December 15, 1887, 762.↩

138. H. P. Holser, “Central Europe,” ARH, March 26, 1889, 203.↩

139. B. L. Whitney, “Report of [the] European Council,” ARH, July 19, 1887, 461; G.I. Butler, “Notes of the Recommendations of the General Conference Committee,” ARH, May 1, 1888, 281.↩

140. E. W. Whitney, “Opening of Our School at Basel,” ARH, June 26, 1888, 412.↩

141. J. H. Waggoner, “A Christmas Globe,” Signs of the Times, February 4, 1889, 72.↩

142. Uriah Smith, “Death of J. H. Waggoner,” ARH, May 7, 1889, 304.↩

143. Uriah Smith, ARH, May 7, 1889, 304; idem, ARH, August 28, 1894, 552. See also Charles B. Hirsch, “J.H. Waggoner: Self-Made Pioneer,” ARH, August 24, 1989, 13.↩

144. O. A. Olsen, “The Annual Meetings in Scandinavia,” ARH“, May 28, 1889, 348; Ruby (Waggoner) Canright, Marietta Waggoner obituary,” ARH, March 5, 1908, 23.↩