Mongolia Mission

Mongolia Mission is an administrative unit of the Northern Asia-Pacific Division of Seventh-day Adventists. Its headquarters is in the Bayangol District, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.¹

Territory: Mongolia.

Statistics (June 30, 2024): Churches, 6; membership, 3,380; population, 3,425,000 

Country Overview

Mongolia, formerly known as Outer Mongolia, is a landlocked nation situated in north-central Asia. It has an oval shape, stretching about 1,486 miles (2,392 km) from west to east and up to 782 miles (1,259 km) from north to south at its widest point. Its land area is comparable to that of the countries in western and central Europe, located within a similar latitude range. The capital city, Ulaanbaatar (also called Ulan Bator), is located in the central-northern region of the country.²

The Mongols rose to prominence in the 13th century when Genghis Khan established a vast empire that spanned from the Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe. Over time, they lost their dominance and came under Chinese control. The northern branch gained independence after the fall of the Manchu Empire in 1911. Under the leadership of the Living Buddha, they formed a state, often referred to as Outer Mongolia in Western sources. In 1924, after the death of the Living Buddha, it was declared the People’s Republic. After the democratic revolution of 1990, which introduced multiparty politics and a market economy, the new constitution, adopted in 1992, officially renamed the country Mongolia.³

Ethnically, the Mongol population is relatively homogeneous. The Khalkh (or Khalkha) Mongols make up about four-fifths of the population while other Mongolian groups, including the Dörvöd (Dörbed), Buryat, Bayad, and Dariganga, account for nearly half of the remainder. The rest of the population mainly consists of Turkic-speaking communities, such as Kazakhs, some Tuvans (Mongolian: Uriankhai), and a few Tsaatans (Dhukha) who primarily reside in the western regions. There are also small numbers of Russians and Chinese who are predominantly in urban areas. The government has increasingly focused on safeguarding and promoting the cultural and linguistic rights of minorities such as the Kazakhs and Tuvans. The overwhelming majority of the population speaks Mongolian, and almost all individuals who speak a different language are also able to understand Mongolian.⁴

Originally practicing shamanism, the Mongols largely adopted Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism) with shamanistic elements during the Qing period. After the Qing’s fall in the early 20th century, Mongolia was governed by the Tibetan Javzandamba incarnation and higher clergy, along with local nobility. The 1921 regime sought to replace feudal and religious structures with socialist and secular systems. In the 1930s, the revolutionary party, promoting atheism, destroyed monasteries, confiscated property, and forced monks to renounce their faith while executing those who resisted. By the mid-1940s, the Gandan monastery reopened, and the government encouraged a few lamas to attend international Buddhist conferences. The end of one-party rule in 1990 led to a revival of Tibetan Buddhism, the rebuilding of monasteries, and the return of religious practices. Today, nearly a quarter of Mongolians follow Tibetan Buddhism, mainly the Dge-lugs-pa school, while about one-third adhere to shamanism. There are small Muslim and Christian communities, and a significant portion of the population is atheist or nonreligious.⁵

Beginning of Adventist Work

The Seventh-day Adventist work among the Mongols began around 1926 with Russian missionaries based in Hailar in northwestern Manchuria, China. They produced a Mongolian hymn, mimeographed at the Russian Mission press in Harbin, and later added four small tracts, marking the first Adventist publications in Mongolian. However, after the establishment of the Mongolian People’s Republic made it impossible to continue the mission there, plans were made in 1930 to start Adventist work in northern China (Inner Mongolia).⁶

Otto and Dorothy Christensen were sent from the United States specifically to lead the work in Mongolia. A plot of land and buildings were purchased in Kalgan where the Christensens established mission headquarters for the Mongolian work at Kalgan (Zhangjiakou), north of Beijing and a hospital in 1931. Two Russians, Pavel V. Rodionov and J. Maltsev, managed outstations in Tamachuen (Durban-Hodok) and Ssuwangtze, with the latter hosting a small dispensary.⁷ Mongolia turned out to be one of the most challenging and intriguing fields in the entire China Division⁸. The Christensens’ first year was largely devoted to language study. Working in a new region with a completely different language and conditions from those in China presented many difficult challenges. The Mongolians were a nomadic, illiterate people, heavily influenced by their priests. Despite nearly 100 years of Christian missionary efforts, success had been minimal, with fewer than 200 Mongolians reportedly converted to Christianity. The Christensens focused on medical, publishing, and evangelistic work, and the membership had grown to eleven in 1936.⁹ A journey into unentered regions of the Mongolian plateau was made by camel and horse, since such modes of travel were necessary due to the shifting sands.¹⁰

Dorothy Christensen reported on the cultural differences she was learning to acknowledge:

Clothing, like the human body, must never be washed in Mongolia. What a hard time I always have to induce our Mongolian boys to take a bath even once a month! Washing the clothing would make it wear out so much faster that, even though they were not proud of the greasiness of their robes, I doubt if they could be induced to attempt to wash regularly.¹¹

Dorothy and Mrs. Maltsev dedicatedly worked on the Sabbath School for children, who flocked to attend and hear stories and sing about Jesus. However, one Sabbath, no child came. Dorothy soon learned that “the mothers had talked it over, and were afraid that we would give the children something to drink that would make them become foreigners. It took quite a little time to clear up this difficulty.”¹² Dorothy provided some important insights into the Mongolian culture. She wrote,

The Mongolians have no idea of a meeting-place as we understand it. In this respect, the Sabbath School is a great help to them, as it gives them an idea of the sacredness and quietness of a religious gathering. They come in, and perhaps sit for a few moments looking about the room, eventually discovering the speaker up in front. If they listen to what is being said, they talk about it among themselves, asking questions, etc. Possibly they will then walk about a bit, look at the pictures in the room, discuss them, and go out. Perhaps our clothing must be inspected a bit, and if one wears glasses, they often form an interesting topic for discussion. In spite of these interruptions, however, we carry out the regular Sabbath School program, and we always try to give each listener some helpful thought to take away with him. With constant interruptions, and more or less incomplete organization, our meetings must be made as short as possible, formal type of Sabbath School service helps us to adapt the meeting to the needs of the wandering spirit of the Mongolians.¹³

One of greatest challenges to Christian missionaries was posed by the main religion’s priests. George J. Appel explained, “Lamaism [a form of Buddhism] has complete control over the people, and the priest is consulted for advice in every aspect of life. The first-born son in each family must enter the lamasery and become a priest. . . . From this one see what a large proportion of the population are lamas [priests].”¹⁴

In 1933, word arrived at the small Adventist mission station that Mongol soldiers had ordered the missionaries to leave Mongolia the next day or face expulsion. This news came during Sabbath School, which quickly turned into a prayer meeting, with everyone praying for Mongolia. The Adventist missionaries decided to appeal directly to the Mongolian authorities and, after some effort, managed to meet with the official in charge. They explained the importance of their work and prayed for guidance. The official, visibly conflicted, finally allowed the missionaries to stay in Mongolia, agreeing to rescind the expulsion order that same day. Three years later, the missionaries continued their work freely, and it was remarkable to see the first Mongolian SDA book being sold, with the same group that once sought their expulsion now welcoming them.¹⁵ Despite these challenges, the work of God in this underserved field was advancing steadily. The most pressing need at that time was for a small training school to train native workers, and a portion of the World Church’s Thirteenth Sabbath Offering was later dedicated to meeting the needs of Adventist work in Mongolia.¹⁶

Early Publishing and Medical Work

In 1932, following Christensen’s appeal at the China Division session for a printing press for the Mongolian Mission, a special offering raised 1,700 Mexican dollars on the thirtieth anniversary of the first Adventist missionaries arriving in China, John Peter and Amanda Anderson. A set of Mongolian type matrices and a primitive type-casting machine were purchased by John Oss in Nanjing while the Shanghai Signs of the Times Publishing House donated a small handpress, type, ink, paper, and accessories. The first printed work was the song Tell It Again.¹⁷ Later, the Mongolian Mission bought a Chinese-made Gordon foot-powered press. Christensen often served as type caster, typesetter, makeup man, and pressman, even making his own ink when needed.

The publishing effort faced challenges, especially due to the lack of an adequate vocabulary. The Old Testament in Mongolian was out of print, so Christensen had to have it copied by hand. In the first two years of operation, the press produced four tracts, five songs, the book of Daniel, and the Ten Commandments. The Sabbath School lessons were mimeographed. In 1935, the first subscription book, The Way of Life, was published, bound in cloth, and it sold for two Mexican dollars.¹⁸ That was believed to be the first Mongolian book—actually, the first Christian book of significant length, apart from the Bible. Despite the majority of population being illiterate, this book was initially and remarkably sold more than remarkably copies, a feat that no other mission organization had attempted or accomplished. Pastor Adlai A. Esteb reported that a book was sold even to “a high Mongol lama [priest],”¹⁹ which was counted as a miracle. Otto Christensen wrote how he and Pastor Maltsev had the opportunity to present their work and sell copies of the new book to several princes and officials despite obstacles, including resistance from local religious leaders. After praying for an audience with one prince, the missionaries were initially told he was unavailable. However, they later discovered that the prince was home due to a religious custom, and through faith, they were granted access. The prince purchased two books and requested medicines, even visiting the Adventist mission station later to collect them and discuss the Adventist work. The missionaries were grateful for God’s intervention, which overcame resistance and made the impossible possible.²⁰

In 1936, reports were shared that preliminary steps had been taken, and in the North and Northwest China Unions, the work had been established in previously unentered provinces of Mongolia. The newly formed Choni Mission included a portion of what was once Tibetan territory. At that time, two foreign families and a Chinese worker were on a long journey to open the Sinkiang Mission, with a base station initially located in Suchow in northwestern Kansu. However, the workers had not yet been able to enter certain parts of their territory, including northern Mongolia, parts of Sinkiang, and parts of Tibet. Mission stations had been established on the borders of these distant areas, and literature filled with their message was beginning to make its way into these regions.²¹

Another great need in those years were medical workers and a medical center. The Mongolians living in the northern part of the province were without medical care. They traveled to Kalgan, the provincial capital, when someone experienced serious health issues, but they regularly found no one to treat them. Several years prior to the arrival of the Seventh-day Adventists, a small hospital had been run by a Swedish mission. However, the doctor passed away, and financial difficulties made it impossible to afford another doctor, even if one volunteered. For five years, there was no medical unit in this vast territory. The Chinese people in and around Kalgan were also suffering due to the lack of medical professionals. As Adventist colporteurs visited the region year after year, they became increasingly aware of the pressing need for a hospital in Kalgan. At the same time, the North China Union Committee felt a strong burden to establish a sanitarium and hospital within its borders. After carefully evaluating the situation, they determined that Kalgan, which had the greatest need, was the most suitable location for the hospital in North China. A call was immediately made for a pioneer doctor for Chahar. The General Conference officers invited Dr. Elmer F. Coulston from Battle Creek, Michigan, to serve as a pioneer medical missionary in this newly opened territory north of the Great Wall of China. Soon, Dr. Coulston and his wife, Leatha, sailed to Kalgan for their new mission.²²

Otto Christensen’s 1940 report on Adventist progress in Mongolia reveals only a part of the great difficulties the missionaries faced. He wrote that the work in Mongolia had been challenging for eight years, with missionaries continuing their efforts while waiting for necessary support. In the summer of 1939, Christensen reported, they tried a new method by holding a tent meeting, which was unusual in Mongolia due to the scattered population and harsh weather. Despite this, over 120 people attended, many for the first time, and about 35 regularly joined the meetings. A drum once used by a lama was repurposed to gather people. Lamaism, however, deeply influenced the people, as seen when a young lama insisted the Living Buddha could stop the rain during a ceremony. Faith in the lama made it difficult for the Gospel to penetrate, but the missionaries pressed on, determined to share the truth despite the challenges.²³ In the same issue of Mission Quarterly, Dorothy Christensen made an appeal:

How little the people of Mongolia know of Christ! Would that there might be a hundred gospel tents pitched in Mongolia next summer! If time should last, perhaps some of you who hear this story may join us in Mongolia, for this is one of the last countries to hear the gospel message. Even now you may pray and give that others may come to teach of Christ in this land.²⁴

Despite much effort and sacrifice, in 1940 there were only two Sabbath schools in approximately 1,000,000 acres of the land, with just two workers and no school available to train new workers.²⁵ By late 1930s, the Christensens had to return to the United States, and all ministry in Mongolia was halted due to the war. In 1942, the Kalgan property was taken over and was eventually lost in 1949.²⁶ Until 1951, the China Division of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists encompassed both China and Outer Mongolia. After that, the division became autonomous, and for the following 40 years, statistical reports on the Chinese church were unavailable.²⁷ For the next half a century, there will be no organized Adventist mission work in Mongolia.

Continuing the Work

Mongolia was under Soviet influence for over 70 years. Russian troops entered the country in 1921, and it quickly became the second Communist nation in the world. The Russian language was taught in primary schools, religious activities were banned, and Christianity was prohibited. However, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Mongolia eased its laws, and the first missionaries began arriving in the early 1990s.²⁸ When the first Adventist missionaries, Brad and Cathie Jolly²⁹, arrived in Mongolia in 1991, followed by Joanne Park a year later, there were no Adventists in Mongolia. These pioneers faced significant challenges and hardships as they worked to share the Gospel with the Mongolian people. On October 16, 1993, members of the first Seventh-day Adventist Church in Mongolia were baptized. Robert Folkenberg, president of the General Conference of the Seventh-day Adventist Church at that time, officiated at the baptism. The church continued to grow steadily, with six baptisms in 1994, four in 1995, 16 in 1997, and a membership exceeding 200 in 2002.³⁰

As the church grew, the need for new congregations began to emerge. At first, only one home group gathered, but soon after, several home groups were formed and gathered in several places in Ulaanbaatar. The first Adventist Church in Mongolia was organized on October 11, 1997, with 26 charter members at Ulaan Baatar. The Seventh-day Adventist Church was recognized and registered with the Ulaan Baatar city government on July 24, 1997.³¹

In November 1998, the Adventist Church headquarters in Mongolia accessed their own building that continues operating even today. After several discussions, the church leaders negotiated the purchase of this three-story building with a basement for US$185,000. Located on the western side of the capital, and near a bus stop, the building offered 985 square meters of space to house the Mongolia Mission office, ADRA/Mongolia, a small language school, a church sanctuary for 60 people, and apartments for workers. The price also included half an acre of land for future church and family housing construction. While land in Mongolia is government-owned, they could lease it with the option to buy it at a reasonable price once privatization occurred.³²

As the number of church members grew, Mongolia Mission Field was recognized by World Seventh-day Adventist Church in October 1997.³³ Pastor Dale Tunnell and his wife, Cheryl, came to Mongolia in April 1998 to lead the Church. On March 2, 1999, the General Conference Committee voted, “To attach the territory of Mongolia to the Northern Asia-Pacific Division, effective not later than January 1, 2000.”³⁴

Mission Awakening

The year 2000 marked the beginning of “a great awakening of evangelism in Mongolia.”³⁵ In December 1999, Carlos G. Martin, the NSD Ministerial Association secretary, launched a new evangelistic program with the Adventist members of the Ulaan Baatar Church. Bold Batshuk was chosen as the Mongolian pastor to move to Darkhan, the second-largest city, and do the mission groundwork. After a few months, he had a small group meeting weekly for Bible study. With the help of two volunteers from the 1000 Missionary Movement, he continued Bible studies and Sabbath services for a year. By the time of the series, 13 were ready for baptism. Their experience showed that successful evangelism relies on solid groundwork, and thanks to Bold’s efforts, they expected great results in Darkhan. They decided that winter would be the best time for public evangelism, since Mongolians typically travel during their short summer. They held an evangelistic series in Darkhan, with around 500 attendees each week. As a result, 38 people were baptized, and four joined the church by profession of faith.³⁶

History was made in Mongolia during the week of August 1 through 6, 2001, with the first-ever Seventh-day Adventist Camp Meeting. With a baptized membership of 207, it was an exciting occasion as 220 people from nine church groups across Mongolia gathered at the Selenge Campground near Erdenet. The theme of the camp meeting was “United by God’s Word.” Elder Douglas Clayville, the General Conference associate secretary, served as the evening speaker, focusing on the second coming and preparing to meet Jesus Christ. Dale Tunnell, the Mongolia Mission Field director, led the morning worship, emphasizing how God’s Word unites believers. The days were filled with seminars and worship services, covering topics such as prayer, children’s ministries, friendship evangelism, health, contextualizing the gospel, Bible study, the Sanctuary, and more.³⁷ At this camp meeting, Bold Batsukh was ordained on August 4, making him the first Mongolian to join the Seventh-day Adventist Church ministry.³⁸

Camp meetings still continue to serve as means of spiritual revival and fellowship.³⁹

In 2002, the SDA Church reported that one of the biggest needs for the Church in Mongolia was trained leaders. Dale and Cheryl Tunnell were supported by one young Mongolian pastor, two trained Bible workers, and several short-term missionaries who were trained at the 1000 Missionary Movement in the Philippines. At that time, the Church had 11 groups of believers across Mongolia, including four in Ulaanbaatar, the capital. Their pressing need was appropriate spaces for worship because the government required that churches meet in religious buildings, not private homes, in order to be officially registered.⁴⁰

The SDA World Church responded to the needs of mission work in Mongolia by dedicating part of the Thirteenth Sabbath Offering in 2002 to Mongolia. Part of that offering contributed to providing meeting places for believers across Mongolia. When the offering was collected, Mongolian Adventists numbered just over 200, but in 2005, their membership had more than tripled. The central church, which once met in a room at the mission office, now worshiped in a beautiful new building in the heart of the capital city, Ulaan Baatar. Several other congregations gathered in and around Ulaan Baatar, including the Amazing Grace Church, which was helped by the Adventist Church to purchase a larger ger when their previous place of worship became too small. Two years earlier, in 2003, the believers in Darhan, the second-largest city in Mongolia, had met in a rented hall. In 2005, they met in a former wedding hall situated on a hill, visible to all. These meeting halls were helping the SDA Church in Mongolia grow both in strength and numbers.⁴¹

Another historical moment for Adventists in Mongolia was in May 29-31, 2012, when for the first time, the Northern Asia-Pacific Division held its Mid-year Meeting in Mongolia. The meetings were held at the Chinggis Khaan Hotel in Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia.

From September 30 to October 11, 2015, the first medical mission trip of the “Mission: Mongolia” project by It Is Written took place. Eighteen partners and friends of It Is Written from across the United States, including six doctors, one nurse practitioner, four nurses, one optician, and six helpers, gathered in Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia. Together with dedicated local SDA Church members, the team transformed the churches into makeshift clinics, setting up waiting rooms, consultation rooms, and small pharmacies. With the assistance of translators, the team treated a total of 700 patients. Additionally, they donated 500 Mongolian Bibles to the attendees.⁴²

Leader in Religious Liberty

On May 30, 2008, international religious liberty leaders joined more than 50 members of Mongolia’s government and major religious communities for the country’s first religious liberty symposium in Ulaanbaatar. The event was historic for the nation as first of its kind to emphasize the importance of increasing religious tolerance. John Graz, secretary-general of the International Religious Liberty Association (IRLA)⁴³, which co-sponsored the event with the Northern Asian nation’s Council of Religious Affairs, stated that Mongolians enjoy considerable freedom of religion. Paul Kotanko, the Adventist Church’s IRLA representative in Mongolia, was invited to lead a forthcoming similar meeting at the Dashjoilin Buddhist Monastery.⁴⁴

Reorganization of Mongolia Mission Field

During the NSD year-end meetings for 2013, the delegates voted to approve reorganization of the Mongolia Mission Field to a higher organizational status. As the Mongolia Mission Field was reorganized into the Mongolia Mission, new officers were appointed: Elbert Kuhn as president, Bold Batsukh as secretary, and Joseph Allan Deblois as treasurer. The Mongolia Mission constituency meeting was held on November 18, 2013.⁴⁵

More Recent Publishing Work

The Mongolia Mission Field has been dedicated to bringing people to Christ through the literature ministry. The book Steps to Christ was translated, edited, printed, and released in Mongolian in 2001. William Fagal, director of the Ellen G. White Estate Branch Office, noted that the book had been translated into 144 languages by the year 2000, with the Mongolian translation likely being the 145th. The translation project began in 1996, with Bold Batsukh and Enkhbayar Mishildorj starting the work, followed by professional translator Ts. Hasbaatar. A team of Adventists, led by Munk Jargal, completed the editing process. The translation was initially sent to the Korean Publishing House in 1996, but due to missing fonts, it was returned to Mongolia in 1999 for further editing and reformatting. The project was overseen by the Adventist Mongolia Mission Field Board, with the name “Jolly Press” chosen for the publisher in honor of Brad and Cathie Jolly, the first Seventh-day Adventist missionaries to Mongolia. The Haan Printing Company printed the first 3,000 copies in March 2001.⁴⁶

The response to the book was overwhelmingly positive, with Adventist Church members praising its clarity and ease of understanding. It was distributed to church groups for sale, and a small bookstore was set up in the mission office. Despite its affordable price, many outside of Ulaanbaatar still struggled to afford it, so the book was often given as a gift to baptized individuals or as a prize at evangelistic meetings.⁴⁷

On the Sabbath afternoon of June 4, 2011, a launch event was held at the Ulaanbaatar Central Church for the newly translated Ellen White books printed in Mongolian. These included The Story of Jesus (Desire of Ages), The Successful Family (Adventist Home), and Child Guidance. Additionally, End-Time Countdown by Alejandro Bullon and a republished edition of Newstart by Vernon Foster were also introduced. The entire project was funded by the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists.⁴⁸

ADRA Mongolia

In 1994, the Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA) was established in Mongolia. This international organization with offices in more than 134 countries opened its doors in Mongolia and has been serving both individuals and communities.⁴⁹

1000 Missionary Movement

The 1000 Missionary Movement (1000MM) was established in Mongolia on March 1, 2002, as part of a Global Mission initiative by the Mongolian Mission Field. Twenty-one Mongolians became part of the Movement and underwent five weeks of intensive missionary training. The plan was to deploy these volunteer missionaries to 11 different locations across Mongolia and for them to serve there for two years to establish and support churches.⁵⁰

In 1999, D. Nyamdavaa and U. Urnaa were the very first Mongolian missionaries who went to the Philippines to attend 1000 missionary movement training. After the training, they returned to Mongolia and shared the Word of God with others. With the beginning of preaching the gospel news, a total of 130 people in the Philippines have been prepared under the mission slogan of “Once a missionary always a missionary.”⁵¹

Over the years, however, 1000MM became inactive. That would change on April 2, 2023, when 16 missionaries began training for the Mongolian branch of the 1000 Missionary Movement in Ulaanbaatar. The opening ceremony, held at Suut Resort, was led by Suk Hee Han, president of the Mongolia Mission, with Jae Song Jeon, director of the 1000MM Training Center in the Philippines, addressing the group. The 1000MM program’s launch was a significant milestone for the Mongolia Mission, marking the revival of a program. Han shared his experience with the movement’s growth, noting its success in training thousands of missionaries worldwide. With the growing secularization in Mongolia, the 1000MM training program has proven essential to equipping young people as missionaries. The trainees, after completing their six-week program, are sent to church-planting areas across Mongolia, serving as missionaries for one year with a monthly stipend.⁵²

The next important necessity was to form a professional team of trained and qualified Mongolian personnel. For this purpose, Mongolia Mission sent total of 70 students to Adventist schools abroad (AIIAS, Mountain View College, AUP in the Philippines, Sahmyook University in Korea, Andrews University in the United States). These people studied the word of God in a distant country and came back to Mongolia to share what they learned and are still working and living according to the seeds they sowed.⁵³

In addition to this evangelistic efforts, Adventist missionaries and donors from other countries also support the mission in Mongolia.⁵⁴

Institutions

Tusgal School

In year 2009, Mongolia Mission started the Tusgal SDA School with five teachers and 13 students. Tusgal means “reflection” in Mongolian. Since 2011, the Tusgal School has been granted an educational license by the Mongolia government.⁵⁵ Over the years, this school has grown and reached the level of secondary school, providing education to students from grades 1 to 12. As of 2025, the school has accommodated 280 students, 23 percent of which are Adventists. A total of 26 teachers and 14 staff members were employed, and 50 percent of these workers were Adventists.⁵⁶

The mission of the school is to support students achieving their highest potential through a comprehensive approach to development that encompasses spiritual, intellectual, physical, and social growth. Therefore, the school has been running a spiritual master plan that includes a students/staff morning devotional, a students’/staff weekly Bible study, a Pathfinder program, a week of prayer, mission trips to churches, a Golden Bell competition, as well as encouraging all staff to be active members in their own churches and faithful tithe/offering givers.⁵⁷

Khemnel Radio Studio

Khemnel Radio was founded in June 2019 with the slogan, “From the right music rhythm to the right rhythm of life.” The station was created with the help of Adventist World Radio⁵⁸ supporters.⁵⁹ It is located in the Bayangol District 2nd Khoroo; Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.⁶⁰

Khemnel Radio won the National Best Children’s Content for Radio contest, which was hosted by Mongolia’s Prime Minister, Ukhnaagiin Khurelsukh. The competition, held in February 2020, was open to local television and radio networks and aimed at recognizing the best works that showcased national heritage and history.⁶¹

Gateway Project

On June 9, 2019, the groundbreaking ceremony for the Gateway Project took place on a 58-acre site in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, attended by leaders from the Northern Asia-Pacific Division, the Mongolia Mission, and about 80 local church members. The Mongolia Mission, a relatively new field, had seen significant growth since the baptism of the first Mongolian nationals in 1992, reaching 3,000 members by 2019. The mission also operated various institutions, such as a youth training center, dental clinic, university dormitory, and an FM radio station.⁶²

The Gateway Project, launched by the Mongolian Mission, aims to establish several institutions, including an international academy, a vocational school, a wellness center, an agricultural center, and a resort for income generation. The project was initiated with faith, with plans to begin construction of an international academy without waiting for full funding. The project site, located just 15 minutes from the new Ulaanbaatar International Airport, is in a strategic area of the city, where more than half of Mongolia’s population resides. This central location is expected to have a significant impact on the mission’s work.⁶³

AMOS Dent

AMOS Dent is an Adventist dental clinic located in the Bayangol District, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.⁶⁴ It was opened on March 26, 2019.⁶⁵

In March 2022, the Northern Asia-Pacific Division Presidents’ Council of the Adventist HealthCare Association (AHCA) approved a supporting fund for the Mongolia Adventist AMOS Dental Clinic to purchase an important medical device. Providing the funding was the first step, with plans for staff training and technology sharing to follow shortly.⁶⁶

Mongolia Mission Dormitory

In Mongolia, a large portion of Adventist Church members are young people, including college, university, and high school students, many of whom come to Ulaanbaatar from rural regions for education. A visit to a local ger church in Ulaanbaatar revealed a heartbreaking situation. Unable to afford lodgings, some of these students stayed in the church building, being satisfied with the limited conditions the church building had to offer, such as cracked cement floors, a small wooden stove, and thin blankets. The Mongolia Mission Field leadership was moved to find a better and long-term solution. In 2009, they received the Thirteenth Sabbath Offering from the fourth quarter of 2009 to build a dormitory. After a lengthy search for suitable land, it was decided to add two additional stories to the existing mission office building. The dormitory officially opened on September 1, 2014. Forty-five students, most of whom were non-Adventists, found a home in this Adventist dormitory. The dormitory was designed to be a Center of Influence, where non-Adventist students could experience the love of Christ.⁶⁷

By 2015, the newly established dormitory housed 39 students, some non-Adventists, with five baptisms resulting from the ministry. The Mongolia Mission hopes to expand this initiative across the region, especially in cities lacking Adventist educational institutions, to support more young people with Adventist education.⁶⁸

Mongolia Mission Youth Training Center

To train future leaders and to provide space for camp meetings, the Mongolia Mission decided to use the Thirteenth Sabbath Offering from the first quarter of 2012 to establish a youth training center. The Sound of Zion Choir, led by Dr. Im BongSoon, held a concert in Seoul to raise funds, and Mrs. Kim HyoSoon donated an apartment that funded the purchase of land. The 60,000-square-meter plot, 45 kilometers from Ulaanbaatar, was located only two kilometers from the highway and near a key highway that would connect Russia and China. The groundbreaking ceremony took place on November 11, 2014, with Dr. Jairyong Lee, Mongolia Mission President Elbert Kuhn, and other special guests from the North American Division attending.⁶⁹

Three divisions—the North American, South American, and Northern Asia-Pacific divisions—financially supported this project. The project launched with support from former Mongolia Mission President Paul Kotanko and his successor, Elbert Kuhn, who both raised significant funds and started the construction. Kim YoHan, Mongolia Mission president at the time and former director of the 1000 Missionary Movement, finished the construction of the Youth Training Center (also called Suut Resort). This center included a gym, seminar rooms, a large dining hall for 200 people, guestrooms, and a two-story building with 32 small personal prayer rooms. Hong Gwang Eui, director of the NSD Leadership Training Center, raised additional funds for the annex prayer building. The construction was completed, and the opening ceremony took place on March 22, 2017. NSD President Jairyong Lee, along with 140 lay leaders, local pastors, and guests, gathered to celebrate. The Youth Training Center continues to serve the SDA Church for summer camp meetings, Global Mission Pioneer training, and various other church events.⁷⁰

Education Seminars for Church Workers

From September 25 to 28, 2014, Mongolia Mission held its first major education seminar for teachers, pastors, church leaders, and staff, with support from the General Conference, the NSD Education Department, the NSD Children’s Department, and the NSD branch of the Geoscience Research Institute.⁷¹

Mongolia Mission’s development program for church leaders was developed through various activities in the past, such as 1000 missionary training, pastoral certificate training, and DLC program. Then in 2022, Mongolia Mission decided to upgrade this personnel training activities to a more academic level, and therefore, they established the Theological Training Center. The aim of this center is to provide theological education to Adventist Church leaders and members.⁷²

Moving Forward

The Mongolian Mission marked the 30th anniversary of the Adventist mission work in Mongolia with a focus on evangelism and baptisms. From August 20-27, 2022, evangelistic meetings were held simultaneously in 21 cities across Mongolia. The event, a Total Member Involvement⁷³ initiative, saw active participation from SDA Church members, pastors, and administrators. Hundreds attended the meetings, where health talks and Bible presentations inspired many to be baptized. In total, 155 individuals were baptized across the 21 locations. The three decades of existence in Mongolia were celebrated with preaching and baptizing, setting the goal to follow in the future.⁷⁴

To further boost the mission spirit, Church leaders broke ground on a new theology school, funded by a generous donation of 400 million won (U.S. $300,000) from the Korean Union Conference, the Adventist Church’s Sijo Press, and Korean Church members.⁷⁵

Sources

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“A Great Awakening of Evangelism in Mongolia.” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views, December 2000.

ANN Staff. “Mongolia: First Religious Liberty Meeting Draws Government, International Religious Freedom Leaders.” Adventist News Network. June 1, 2008.

Appel, G. J. “The Call of Mongolia,” Mission Quarterly. January 1, 1932.

Batsukh, Bold. “New Church Plant in Mongolia Initiated by Evangelistic Effort.” Adventist News Network. June 3, 2023.

Chit, Morris, and John Wesley Taylor V. “Impact of the 1000 Missionary Movement Training Program on the Spirituality of the Trainees.” InFo 3, no. 2. October 2000.

Christiansen, Otto. “A Lama’s Resistance Turned,” Mission Quarterly, April 1, 1936.

Christensen, Otto. “Five Hundred Million Acres to One Sabbath School.” Mission Quarterly. October 1, 1940.

Christensen, Otto. “The Mongolian Mission of S.D.A. 1931-1934.” China Division Reporter. May 1935.

Christensen, Mrs. O. “Mongolian Sabbath Schools,” Mission Quarterly. April 1, 1936.

Christensen, Mrs. O. H. “Sabbath School in a Tent in Mongolia.” Mission Quarterly. October 1, 1940.

Chun, P. D. “Mongolia Mission Office Purchased.” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views. December 1998.

Costa, Williams. “Mongolian Mission Celebrates 30^th Anniversary Preaching and Baptizing.” Adventist News Network. September 1, 2022.

Crisler, Clarence C. “Russian and Mongolian Stations in Manchuria.” Far Eastern Division Outlook. January 1929.

Esteb, Adlai Albert. “When a Sabbath School Was Turned into a Prayer Meeting.” Mission Quarterly. April 1, 1936.

Evans, I. H. “What the Coming of Recruits Means to the Far East.” Mission Quarterly. January 1, 1922.

GC Committee meeting minutes, March 2, 1999, page 33, https://documents.adventistarchives.org/Minutes/GCC/GCC1999-03.pdf#search=Mongolia%20path%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fdocuments%2Eadventistarchives%2Eorg%2FMinutes%22.

General Conference Committee minutes of October 1997, https://documents.adventistarchives.org/Minutes/GCC/GCC1997-10.pdf#search=Mongolia%20path%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fdocuments%2Eadventistarchives%2Eorg%2FMinutes%22.

Gramacho, Yure. “From ‘Importer’ to ‘Exporter’: Mongolia Sends Out First Homegrown Missionary.” ARH. February 10, 2017.

Green, C. B. “Chahar’s Pioneer Medical Missionary.” Mission Quarterly. April 1, 1936.

“Growing in Christ through Publishing: Mongolia.” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views. September/October 2011.

Hancock, Kellie. “Mission Mongolia: An Opportunity for Growth.” Adventist News Network. February 24, 2003.

Harris, William J. “The Border Provinces of Northern China Union.” Mission Quarterly. April 1, 1936.

“In Mongolia, Adventist School Keeps Shining during the Pandemic.” Adventist World. February 26, 2021.

Krause, Bettina and Dale Tunnell (ANN). “First Mongolian Adventist Pastor Ordained.” Adventist News Network, August 20, 2001. Accessed April 7, 2025. https://adventist.news/news/first-mongolian-adventist-pastor-ordained.

Lee, Jairyong. “ ‘College’ for Cities and the Example of Mongolia Adventist Dormitory.” Journal of Adventist Education 79:3 (April–June 2017).

Lee, Jairyong. “The 1000 Missionary Movement - Launched in Mongolia.” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views. March 2002.

Lee, S. J. “An Interesting Journey.” China Division Reporter. November 1949.

MacIntyre, J. G. “Interned in Shanghai.” ARH., October 8, 1942.

Martin, Carlos G. “A Great Awakening of Evangelism in Mongolia.” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views. December 2000.

McChesney, Andrew. “Tears of Joy Amidst Baptisms as Members Hail Mongolian Milestone.” Adventist News Network. September 2, 2022.

Miller, H. W. “China’s Border Territories’ Appeal.” Mission Quarterly. April 1, 1936.

“Mongolia,” Mission, Northern Asia-Pacific Division. April 1, 2002.

“Mongolia ADRA.” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views. November/December 2004.

Mongolia Mission, Northern Asia-Pacific Division, and Adventist Review. “Mongolia Leaders Tour Rural Churches.” ARH. May 20, 2022.

Mongolia Mission and Adventist Review. “In Mongolia, Adventist Radio Station Wins National Competition.” Adventist World. March 27, 2020.

“Mongolia Mission – Medical.” Adventist Directory.

Monnier, Yves. “Mission: Mongolia: The It Is Written Project in Mongolia.” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views. January/February 2016.

Northern Asia-Pacific Division and Adventist Review. “In Mongolia, Adventist Church Launches Ambitious Building Project.” ARH. August 18, 2019.

Northern Asia Division and ARH. “Thousand Missionary Movement Opens Branch in Mongolia.” ARH. May 10, 2023.

Phoon, Chek Yat. “Mongolia Mission Education Seminar.” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views. November/December 2014.

Sanders, Alan J. K., and Owen Lattimore. “Magnolia,” Britannica April 2, 2025.

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Shinmyo, Tadaomi. “Mongolian Church Average Age is Seventeen.” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views. July 1998.

Suzuki, Akeri. “NSD Annual Council 2013.” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views. January/February 2014.

“The Seventh-day Adventist Missionaries’ Special,” ARH, December 21, 1933.

“Thirteenth Sabbath Projects Launched in Mongolia.” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views. January/February 2015.

Tunnell, Dave. “Mongolian ‘Steps to Christ’ - 145th translated language of the book.” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views. August 2001.

Tunnell, Dave. “The First Camp Meeting in Mongolia: 220 People Gathered.” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views. August 2001.

“Workers for Mongolians.” Far Eastern Division Outlook. October 1929.

Notes

1. This article was created through a collaboration between the Mongolia Mission and Dragoslava Santrac, ESDA managing editor.↩

2. Alan J. K. Sanders and Owen Lattimore, “Mongolia,” Britannica, last updated March 28, 2025, accessed April 2, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/place/Mongolia.↩

3. For more, see Allan J. K. Sanders, Historical Dictionary of Mongolia, third edition, Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East 74 (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2010).↩

4. Ibid.; Alan J. K. Sanders and Owen Lattimore, “Mongolia,” Britannica, last updated March 28, 2025, accessed April 2, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/place/Mongolia.↩

5. Ibid.↩

6. Clarence C. Crisler, “Russian and Mongolian Stations in Manchuria,” Far Eastern Division Outlook, January 1929, 5; “Workers for Mongolians,” Far Eastern Division Outlook, October 1929, 10. In 1922, I. H. Evans writes about mission plans for the unentered territories, including Mongolia (“What the Coming of Recruits Means to the Far East,” Mission Quarterly, January 1, 1922, 14).↩

7. Ibid.; Seventh-day Adventist Encyclopedia (1996), “Mongolia.”↩

8. The China Division was a unit of the Adventist Church organization from 1931 to 1951. It oversaw the Adventist mission work in China (including Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet, and Sinkiang), and the islands controlled by China, together with Hong Kong and Macao (Seventh-day Encyclopedia [1996], “China Division”).↩

9. Wm. J. Harris, “The Border Provinces of Northern China Union,” Mission Quarterly, April 1, 1936, 8.↩

10. Otto Christensen, “A Lama’s Resistance Turned,” Mission Quarterly, April 1, 1936, 21.↩

11. Mrs. O. Christensen, “Mongolian Sabbath Schools,” Mission Quarterly, April 1, 1936, 16.↩

12. Ibid., 16-17.↩

13. Ibid., 17-18. For more on the Mongolian way of life and culture, see G. J. Appel, “The Call of Mongolia,” Mission Quarterly, January 1, 1932, 5-8.↩

14. Ibid., 5-6.↩

15. Adlai Albert Esteb, “When a Sabbath School Was Turned into a Prayer Meeting,” Mission Quarterly, April 1, 1936, 19-21.↩

16. Harris, “The Border Provinces of Northern China Union,” 6, 9.↩

17. In ARH, Otto Christensen wrote, “the first thing to come off our new press was a song I had translated, ‘Tell It Again.’ I tried that as an experiment while the boy was setting up the type for the tract; but as I thought of it later, it seemed quite providential. A new language now being printed, and the first sheet off the press was, ‘Tell It Again’” (“The Seventh-day Adventist Missionaries’ Special,” ARH, December 21, 1933).↩

18. Otto Christensen, “The Mongolian Mission of S.D.A. 1931-1934,” China Division Reporter, May 1935, 18-19.↩

19. Esteb, “When a Sabbath School Was Turned into a Prayer Meeting,” 19.↩

20. Christensen, “A Lama’s Resistance Turned,” 21-23.↩

21. H. W. Miller, “China’s Border Territories’ Appeal,” Mission Quarterly, April 1, 1936, 4.↩

22. C. B. Green, “Chahar’s Pioneer Medical Missionary,” Mission Quarterly, April 1, 1936, 8-9.↩

23. Otto Christensen, “Five Hundred Million Acres to One Sabbath School,” Mission Quarterly, October 1, 1940, 10-11.↩

24. Mrs. O. H. Christensen, “Sabbath School in a Tent in Mongolia,” Mission Quarterly, October 1, 1940, 14.↩

25. Christensen, “Five Hundred Million Acres to One Sabbath School,” 10.↩

26. J. G. MacIntyre, “Interned in Shanghai,” ARH, October 8, 1942, 12; S. J. Lee, “An Interesting Journey,” China Division Reporter, November, 1949, 5. To learn more about the Adventist work in Mongolia from 1930 to 1939, see, Milton Hook, “Mongolian Mission (1930-1939), Encyclopedia of Seventh-day Adventists, last updated February 22, 2023, https://encyclopedia.adventist.org/article?id=CHQD&highlight=Tell+It+Again#fn19.↩

27. Seventh-day Adventist Encyclopedia (1996), “China, People’s Republic of.”↩

28. “A Great Awakening of Evangelism in Mongolia,” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views, December 2000, 1.↩

29. See Adventist Frontier Missions, Birth of a Dream: https://afmonline.org/about-us/our-history for the story of Brad and Cathie Jolly, the first Adventist missionaries to Mongolia. See Cathie Jolly’s appeal for more missionaries to come to Mongolia, “Excuses,” Mission, April 1, 1995, 31.↩

30. Tadaomi Shinmyo, “Mongolian Church Average Age is Seventeen,” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views, July 1998, 2; “A Great Awakening of Evangelism in Mongolia,” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views, December 2000, 1; “Mongolia,” Mission, Northern Asia-Pacific Division, April 1, 2002, 3-4. The first three baptized Mongolian members were M. Enkhbayar, B. Davaakhuu, and N. Enkhtaivan (Mongolia Mission records).↩

31. Tadaomi Shinmyo, “Mongolian Church Average Age is Seventeen,” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views, July 1998, 2-3.↩

32. P. D. Chun, “Mongolia Mission Office Purchased,” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views, December 1998, 1.↩

33. GC Committee minutes of October 1997, https://documents.adventistarchives.org/Minutes/GCC/GCC1997-10.pdf#search=Mongolia%20path%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fdocuments%2Eadventistarchives%2Eorg%2FMinutes%22.↩

34. GC Committee meeting minutes, March 2, 1999, page 33, https://documents.adventistarchives.org/Minutes/GCC/GCC1999-03.pdf#search=Mongolia%20path%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fdocuments%2Eadventistarchives%2Eorg%2FMinutes%22.↩

35. Carlos G. Martin, “A Great Awakening of Evangelism in Mongolia,” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views, December 2000, 1-4.↩

36. Ibid.↩

37. Dale Tunnell, “The First Camp Meeting in Mongolia: 220 People Gathered,” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views, August 2001, 6.↩

38. Bettina Krause/Dale Tunnell/ANN, “First Mongolian Adventist Pastor Ordained,” Adventist News Network, August 20, 2001, accessed April 7, 2025, https://adventist.news/news/first-mongolian-adventist-pastor-ordained.↩

39. See, for example, “11^th Summer Camp, a Milestone in Mongolia,” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views, September/October 2011, 19.↩

40. Ibid.↩

41. “Report to Stockholders,” Mission, July 1, 2005, 31.↩

42. Yves Monnier, “Mission: Mongolia: The It Is Written Project in Mongolia,” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views, January/February 2016, 18-19.↩

43. IRLA is a non-sectarian, non-political entity dedicated to promoting religious freedom. It was founded in 1893 by Seventh-day Adventist Church leaders to advocate for religious freedom for all, in response to the growing threat of restrictions from blue laws. Their headquarters is located in Silver Spring, Maryland, U.S.A. Seventh-day Adventist Encyclopedia (1996), “International Religious Liberty Association.”↩

44. ANN Staff, “Mongolia: First Religious Liberty Meeting Draws Government, International Religious Freedom Leaders,” Adventist News Network, June 1, 2008, accessed April 3, 2025, https://adventist.news/news/mongolia-first-religious-liberty-meeting-draws-government-international-religious-freedom-leaders.↩

45. Akeri Suzuki, “NSD Annual Council 2013,” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views, January/February 2014, 12-13.↩

46. Dale Tunnell, “Mongolian ‘Steps to Christ’ - 145th translated language of the book,” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views, August 2001, 1.↩

47. Ibid.↩

48. “Growing in Christ through Publishing: Mongolia,” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views, September/October 2011, 18.↩

49. “Mongolia ADRA,” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views, November/December 2004, 15.↩

50. Jairyong Lee, “The 1000 Missionary Movement - Launched in Mongolia,” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views, March 2002, 1-2.↩

51. Yure Gramacho, “From ‘Importer’ to ‘Exporter’: Mongolia Sends Out First Homegrown Missionary,” ARH, February 10, 2017, accessed April 2, 2025, https://adventistreview.org/news/from-importer-to-exporter-mongolia-sends-out-first-homegrown-missionary/.↩

52. Northern Asia Division and ARH, “Thousand Missionary Movement Opens Branch in Mongolia,” ARH, May 10, 2023, accessed April 2, 2025, https://adventistreview.org/news/1000-missionary-movement-opens-branch-in-mongolia/. For more details, see Morris Chit and John Wesley Taylor V, “Impact of the 1000 Missionary Movement Training Program on the Spirituality of the Trainees,” InFo, October 2000, 3, no. 2, 5-20, file:///C:/Users/SantracD/Downloads/it,+1_chit_taylor.pdf.↩

53. Mongolia Mission records.↩

54. See, for example, Kellie Hancock, “Mission Mongolia: An Opportunity for Growth,” Adventist News Network, February 24, 2003, accessed April 2, 2025, https://adventist.news/news/mission-mongolia-an-opportunity-for-growth; “Sharing Jesus in Mongolia,” Adventist Mission, January 2018, accessed April 2, 2025, https://gm.adventistmission.org/sharing-jesus-in-mongolia; Bold Batsukh, “New Church Plant in Mongolia Initiated by Evangelistic Effort,” Adventist News Network, June 3, 2023, accessed April 3, 2025, https://adventist.news/news/new-church-plant-in-mongolia-initiated-by-evangelistic-effort.↩

55. Chek Yat Phoon, “Mongolia Mission Education Seminar,” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views, November/December 2014, 16.↩

56. Tugal Seventh-day Adventist School records.↩

57. See also, “In Mongolia, Adventist School Keeps Shining during the Pandemic,” Adventist World, February 26, 2021, accessed April 2, 2025, https://www.adventistworld.org/in-mongolia-adventist-school-keeps-shining-during-the-pandemic/; Tserenpil Otgontuya, as told to Andrew McChesney, “I don’t want to teach,” Adventist Mission, accessed April 2, 2025, https://www.adventistmission.org/%E2%80%8Bi-dont-want-to-teach.↩

58. Adventist World Radio is the mission radio arm of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, using shortwave, AM/FM, satellite, and Internet broadcasts to reach people with the gospel message (Adventist World Radi0 official website, https://awr.org/, accessed April 3, 2025).↩

59. Mongolia Mission and ARH, “In Mongolia, Adventist Radio Station Wins National Competition,” Adventist World, March 27, 2020, accessed April 3, 2025, https://www.adventistworld.org/in-mongolia-adventist-radio-station-wins-national-competition/.↩

60. “Khemnelt Radio 91.7,” Seventh-day Adventist Yearbook (2025), https://www.adventistyearbook.org/entity?EntityID=54894.↩

61. Mongolia Mission and ARH, “In Mongolia, Adventist Radio Station Wins National Competition,” Adventist World, March 27, 2020, accessed April 3, 2025, https://www.adventistworld.org/in-mongolia-adventist-radio-station-wins-national-competition/.↩

62. Northern Asia-Pacific Division and Adventist Review, “In Mongolia, Adventist Church Launches Ambitious Building Project,” ARH, August 18, 2019, accessed April 2, 2025, https://adventistreview.org/news/in-mongolia-adventist-church-launches-ambitious-building-project/.↩

63. Ibid.↩

64. “Mongolia Mission – Medical,” Adventist Directory, https://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmFieldSubEntities.aspx?&EntityType=M&AdmFieldID=MGMF.↩

65. Mongolia Mission records.↩

66. Jacob Ko, “2022 AHCA Presidents Council in Tokyo,” Northern Asia-Pacific Division official website, accessed April 3, 2025, https://www.nsdadventist.org/2022-ahca-presidents-council-in-tokyo/.↩

67. “Thirteenth Sabbath Projects Launched in Mongolia,” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views, January/February 2015, 4.↩

68. Jairyong Lee, ““College” for Cities and the Example of Mongolia Adventist Dormitory,” Journal of Adventist Education 79:3 (April–June 2017), available at https://www.journalofadventisteducation.org/2017.3.11.↩

69. “Thirteenth Sabbath Projects Launched in Mongolia,” Northern Asia-Pacific Division News & Views, January/February 2015, 4-5.↩

70. Kwon Johng Haeng, “Opening of Youth Center in Mongolia,” Northern Asia-Pacific Division official website, accessed April 3, 2025, https://www.nsdadventist.org/opening-of-youth-training-center-in-mongolia/. Photographs from the opening ceremony are available at the Northern Asia-Pacific Division photo album at https://www.flickr.com/photos/nsdadventist/albums/72157682362544786/ (accessed April 3, 2025).↩

71. Phoon, “Mongolia Mission Education Seminar,” 16.↩

72. Mongolia Mission records.↩

73. Total Member Involvement (TMI) is a biblical strategy for disciple-making evangelism. For more see TMI's website: https://www.globaltmi.org/.↩

74. Williams Costa, “Mongolian Mission Celebrates 30^th Anniversary Preaching and Baptizing,” Adventist News Network, September 1, 2022, accessed April 2, 2025, https://adventist.news/news/mongolian-mission-celebrates-30th-anniversary-preaching-and-baptizing.↩

75. Andrew McChesney, “Tears of Joy Amidst Baptisms as Members Hail Mongolian Milestone,” Adventist News Network, September 2, 2022, accessed April 3, 2025, https://adventist.news/news/tears-of-joy-amidst-baptisms-as-members-hail-mongolian-milestone.↩