All-Union Council of Seventh-day Adventists in the USSR (ACSDA)

All-Union Council of Seventh-day Adventists was a precursor of the division organization of the Adventist Church in the USSR.

Pre-World War II Years

World War I, the February Revolution of 1917, the abdication of Nicholas II, and the following October Revolution – all these landmark events of the 20^th century led to the ruin of the Russian Empire and the beginning of the Soviet era.¹ These political changes also influenced the position of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Russia. It was disconnected from the European Division, so an internal alternative to division administration had to be established to maintain direct contact with the General Conference.

In the early 1920s, the reorganization of the union and local conferences was a pending task. To that end, the Fourth All-Russian Session of Seventh-day Adventists was convened in Moscow on September 29-30, 1920. As a result, six union conferences under the umbrella of the All-Russian Council of Seventh-day Adventists (ACSDA) were organized. The ACSDA constitution was based on that of a division. However, since the ACSDA had not been organized at the regular session of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, this organization was referred to in the Seventh-day Adventist Yearbook as the All-Russian (Federative) Council of Seventh-day Adventists rather than a division. The Fourth All-Russian Session elected H. J. Löbsack as chair and L. L. Wojtkiewicz as secretary-treasurer of the All-Russian Council of Seventh-day Adventists. The ACSDA Board members were H. J. Löbsack, O. E. Reinke, B. H. Sсhmidt, K. A. Reifschneider, I. A. Lvov, J. J. Wilson, H. K. Löbsack, and T. J. Wegele (auditor).

On August 16-23, 1924, the Fifth All-Russian (All-Union) Session of Seventh-day Adventists was held in Moscow. H. J. Löbsack was re-elected as ACSDA chair. P. A. Sviridov became the first vice-chair and the executive secretary; G. I. Zierath - the second vice-chair; A. T. Kisil the associate secretary; and T. J. Wegele, the cashier (treasurer).

The name of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in the USSR, as referenced in the Adventist Yearbook, changed several times. From 1922 to 1929, it was known as “The Federation of Seventh-day Adventists in the USSR,” and from 1929 to 1950 – as “The Federation (Division) of Seventh-day Adventists in the USSR.” From 1952 to 1970, the church organization was named “The USSR Division – the Federation of Seventh-day Adventists in the USSR,” from 1971 to 1986 – “The Congregation of Seventh-day Adventists in the USSR,” and from 1986 to 1990 – “The Seventh-day Adventist Church in the USSR.” In 1990, at the session of the General Conference, the USSR Division was organized to be renamed in 1992 as the Euro-Asia Division. This name has been preserved to the present day.

It is hardly surprising that the Soviet government often mentioned the ACSDA as a “division.” A book Sputnik ateista (“The Atheist’s Companion”) included the following description: “Adventists residing in the USSR are considered ‘division.’ They have their central organization in Moscow, and the Adventist world center is located in the U.S.A.”²

The Seventh-day Adventist Encyclopedia (1976) states:

The Federation of SDA’s in the USSR… was organized in 1920 as the All-Russian Federation of Societies, with headquarters in Moscow. At that time, it was composed of four (later five) unions and was the successor to the Russian Union Conference… It was reorganized under the present name in 1928, at which time certain changes in the constitution were made. Since in that year the European Division was divided, the Federation was theoretically considered a division of the worldwide SDA Church, and was listed in the 1929 Yearbook as the Federation (Division) of Seventh-day Adventists in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.³

However, since 1929, communication between Seventh-day Adventists in the USSR and the worldwide Adventist Church had been interrupted due to the repressive actions of the USSR regime against Adventist pastors and lay members, as well as efforts to eliminate the Adventist Church.

According to a statistical report published in the Golos Istiny (“The Voice of Truth”) magazine⁴, in 1927, the All-Union Council of Seventh-day Adventists united six unions, 15 local conferences, and 15 missionary fields. The city of Moscow and the Moscow region were part of the Central Missionary Field, which was directly subordinate to the ACSDA. The six unions were as follows:

• Northern Union Conference, initially chaired by H. J. Löbsack and after 1924 by L. L. Wojtkiewicz. The union conference office was in Leningrad. The union conference included Neva Conference, North-Western Conference, Upper Volga Conference, and Belomorskoe Missionary Field.

• All-Ukrainian (previously Western-Ukrainian, and then Southern-Russian) Union Conference, chaired by I. A. Lvov. The union conference office was in Kiev, and this union conference included Central Dnieper Conference, Black Sea Conference, Podolskaya Conference, Volynskaya Conference, Azov Conference, Lower Dnieper Missionary Field, Upper Dnieper Missionary Field, and Kiev Missionary Field.

• South-Eastern (also called Southern or Southern-Russian) Union Conference, initially chaired by K. A. Reifschneider and after 1923 by J. J. Wilson. The union conference office was in Rostov-on-Don. The union conference included Kubano-Chernomorskaya Conference, Central Caucasian Conference, Transcaucasian Missionary Field, Don Missionary Field, and Crimea Missionary Field.

• Eastern (later North-Eastern) Union Conference, chaired by G. I. Zierath. Before 1924, the union conference office was in Saratov, and later moved to Samara. This union conference encompassed the Volga Conference, Lower Volga Conference, Middle Volga Missionary Field, and Central Asia Missionary Field.

• Siberian Union Conference, chaired by B. H. Schmidt. The union conference office was in Omsk, and this union conference included West Siberian Conference, Central Siberian Conference, Irtysh Conference, Omsk Missionary Field, North Siberian Missionary Field, and East Siberian Missionary Field.

• Far Eastern Union Mission, chaired by G. A. Rauss. The union mission included Primorsky Missionary Field, Amur Missionary Field, and Transbaikal Missionary Field.

In late 1927, the ACSDA united 338 churches and 248 companies with 12,697 members. They were served by 56 ordained ministers, 27 evangelists, 54 Bible workers and 25 other employees, i.e. by 162 ministers in total. On May 12-19, 1928, the Sixth All-Union Session of Seventh-day Adventists was held in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in Moscow. A total of 84 delegates arrived at the session. They adopted, in particular, the resolution on the attitude of the Seventh-day Adventists towards military service that sharply differed in its content from the resolution published in the Declaration of the Fifth All-Union Session held in 1924. The 1927 Declaration, inter alia, stated: “The Sixth All-Union Session hereby clarifies and sets forth that Seventh-day Adventists should give “to Caesar's what is Caesar’s, and to God what is God’s” by performing public and military service in all its forms on the same basis as everyone else.”⁵

This session was marked by scaling down the active ministry of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. H. J. Löbsack raised in his report the possibility of reorganization of the unions through their consolidation “so that to make their servicing more uniform and reduce technical staff.” In fact, this proposal was dictated by external circumstances. Paragraph 18 of the resolutions adopted at the session reads: “To divide the All-Union Council of Seventh-day Adventists into four regional unions: North-Eastern Union, with the center in Moscow and 2,652 church members; All-Siberian Union, with the center in Novosibirsk and 2,922 church members; All-Ukrainian Union, with the center in Kiev and 5,073 church members; South-Eastern Union, with the center in Rostov-on-Don and 2,672 church members, with a total of 13,319 church members.”⁶ It marked the beginning of the voluntary dissolution and self-liquidation of what had previously been a structurally strong Adventist organization in the USSR.

According to the statistics sent at that time to the General Conference, 13,709 church members and 677 Adventist congregations were in the USSR.

Navigating Increasing Pressures

On December 26-28, 1931, the plenary meeting of the ACSDA was convened in Moscow to decide on the further activities of the ACSDA in order to comply with “the present-day needs of the spiritual life of our churches and companies and ... to elect an executive board.”⁷ The plenary meeting was attended by the following individuals: H. J. Löbsack, I. A. Lvov, J. J. Wilson, G. A. Rauss, G. A. Grigoriev, L. L. Wojtkiewicz, V. G. Tarasovskiy, G. I. Zierath, I. I. Schenemann, G. A. Arnhold, V. M. Teppone, G. I. Schwab, K. F. Remfert, P. A. Sviridov, K. K. Reimer, V. S. Dyman’, I. G. Gorelik, F. T. Grigorevskiy, F. A. Gladkov, P. A. Kapustin, A. G. Galladzhev, and S. I. Tkachenko. The plenum confirmed the proposal to reorganize the ACSDA into a single Union of the Seventh-day Adventists in the USSR, with a single center, board (council) and a shared pool of funds. Churches and companies had to retain complete independence in their inner spiritual life and be directly attached to a single Union on a voluntary basis, assuming the responsibility for coordinating their activities in spiritual matters with the Union. Thus, in spite of preserving a single Adventist structure, the remaining union structures had to be dissolved. It was suggested that all churches and companies be re-registered in accordance with the Law on Religious Associations, effective April 8, 1929. The plenum elected H. J. Löbsack, I. A. Lvov, J. J. Wilson, P. A. Kapustin, and V. G. Tarasovskiy as members of the Union Executive Committee. The proceedings of the plenum noted that the Adventist Church’s activities in the USSR should be reduced due to the authorities’ unfavorable stance toward religion.

In February 1934, the ACSDA Executive Committee decided to invite G. A. Grigoriev, the authorized representative (chair) of the West-Siberian region, to work with the ACSDA administration. This action was signed by brethren H. J. Löbsack, J. J. Wilson, I. A. Lvov, and P. A. Kapustin. Before long, in the same month, all the members of the ACSDA (except for H. J. Löbsack) were arrested for not being able to interdict the hunger-bitten members of the Adventist churches from reaching out to their foreign relatives.

H. J. Löbsack was arrested in the early hours of March 21, 1934. Years later, G. A. Grigoriev, who witnessed the arrest, recalled the event: “Leaving his room after being arrested H. J. Löbsack said: ‘Brothers, keep on working indefatigably! The God’s work is like a river that no one can stop!’ What followed was a blow to the face. With blood running down his face, H. J. Löbsack looked behind and repeated: ‘Work, work, take courage!’ ”⁸

The final document, barely legible and signed by H. J. Löbsack, was dated April 1934 (after his arrest) and stated: “To the regional and provincial ACSDA authorized representatives. Until the moment of reelection, I temporarily entrust a former authorized representative for the West Siberian region, now a member of the Central Board, Grigoriy Andreevich Grigoriev, to be responsible for the management of the All-Union Council of Seventh-day Adventists.”⁹ Therefore, G. A. Grigoriev remained the only representative of the ACSDA until the end of World War II. During the investigation, H. J. Löbsack was put in the Moscow prison and then died in a political detention center, or (according to reports from other sources) was executed by a firing squad in Yaroslavl in 1938.

In 1943, the Soviet Government appointed the Council for Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church, and, in 1944, the Council for Religious Affairs under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. At that time G. A. Grigoriev began to solicit for the restoration of ACSDA. In 1945, he requested permission from the Council for Religious Affairs to invite several preachers to Moscow to assist with denominational work. As a result, pastors F. V. Melnik from Melitopol and A. G. Galladzhev from Central Asia were granted permission to travel to Moscow, where they formed the first post-war ACSDA Administrative Committee. In late 1945, letters signed by G. A. Grigoriev, A. G. Galladzhev, and F. V. Melnik were sent to Adventist churches in Ukraine, Latvia, Estonia, Belarus, and other regions, requesting that they regularly submit all statistical and financial reports to the ACSDA. In the same year, the registration process began for the Adventist congregations in the western territories annexed by the USSR in 1939-1940.

The ACSDA invited Latvian pastor I. V. Oltiņš to serve in Moscow. However, the authorities did not approve his relocation, so instead, pastor P. A. Matsanov came to Moscow in 1947. He was tasked with publishing an ACSDA church magazine. In the following years, Matsanov became the vice-chair of the All-Union Council of Seventh-day Adventists.

Several experienced preachers were also invited to Moscow to receive certification as “authorized representatives of the All-Union Council of Seventh-day Adventists,” which allowed them to oversee church activities in the Union Republics of the USSR, including the Baltic states, Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, and others. In this way, new church organizations were established in the Union Republics.

In the Ukrainian SSR, the church organization was led by pastor V. D. Yakovenko, with his assistant I. S. Bondar; in the Latvian SSR, it was led by pastor E. T. Klotiņš, with his assistant A. J. Mednis; in the Estonian SSR, it was led by pastor A. A. Aug, with his assistant Virslau; in the Moldavian SSR, it was led by pastor A. F. Parasey; and in the Belorussian SSR, it was led by pastor V. Z. Makarchuk.

In addition to the republican representatives, the ACSDA issued certificates to regional ACSDA representatives in Ukraine, including S. P. Kulyzhskiy, A. V. Likarenko, and others. In this way, the devastated structure of the SDA Church in the USSR began to be restored. Since it was not possible to hold constituency meetings, local conferences functioned as a form of mission, with officers appointed by the All-Union Council of Seventh-day Adventists.

In the early post-war years, it took about two years to officially register Adventist congregations. However, after 1947, the registration process halted. The state only continued to register churches in the annexed western territories, provided that two or more churches were merged into one. For example, only 44 churches were registered out of the original 81 churches of the Baltic Union. In the Russian Federation, only the churches in Moscow, Gorky (Nizhny Novgorod), Simferopol, Stavropol, and Rostov-on-Don remained registered. Adventists in Leningrad, Siberia, the Far East, and other Russian regions, as well as in the republics of Central Asia and Transcaucasia, were denied registration, deemed illegal, and persecuted by the authorities.

Despite these challenges, God continued to lead His Church under such constrained conditions.

G. A. Grigoriev recalled: “It is not possible to give whatsoever information about the work in the period of 1941-1944... but the churches are still functioning... We are short-staffed: some ministers are employed in the government sector, some were arrested, some are called up for military service. Therefore, there is a great need for ordained ministers...”¹⁰ During the repressions of the 1930s, approximately 150 Adventist ministers and at least 3,000 active members were convicted. By the early 1960s, only about 5 percent of them were still alive.

According to the ACSDA Statistical Report as of January 1, 1947, there were 209 Adventist congregations with 13,815 members. This total included 1,087 members of isolated (unregistered) congregations and members from congregations located in the western territories of the USSR, which had previously been part of the North-European and South-European Divisions. In total, 44 congregations from the Baltic Union, with 5,103 members, were incorporated into the All-Union Council of Seventh-day Adventists.

Additionally, the ACSDA brought together members from Western Ukraine, including 22 congregations from the Chernovtsy Region (1,391 members), 10 congregations from the Transcarpathian Region (279 members), 8 congregations from the Volyn Region (723 members), and 4 congregations from the Lvov Region (177 members). Churches and members from the western regions of Moldova and Belarus were also included.

Excluding the annexed congregations from the Baltic Union and the western regions of Ukraine, Moldova, and Belarus, there were 121 congregations with 6,142 members remaining in the USSR. This was a significant decline compared to 1930, when there were 677 congregations with 13,709 members. The repressions and changes in registration requirements led to a difficult period for unregistered congregations, which were effectively cut off from the ACSDA. These groups had to meet in secret, often facing fines and legal persecution.

New Opportunities

New opportunities for the registration of Adventist churches appeared only in 1975 after adopting the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, signed in Helsinki by the leaders of 33 European countries (including the USSR), the U.S.A., and Canada. The member states assumed the obligation to recognize and respect the right of individuals to profess a religion of their own choice, individually or collectively, acting in accordance with their conscience.

As of January 1, 1952, the Seventh-day Adventist Church in the USSR had a total of 17,546 members, including 15,071 registered members and 2,475 unregistered members, spread across 192 congregations.

On March 12, 1952, at the age of 74, G. A. Grigoriev passed away after a serious illness (gangrene in both legs). Before his death, he gathered the ACSDA Board in his room and urged them to work in unity, emphasizing that unity was the strength of the Church.

Church leaders from the Soviet Republics and Regions, along with members of the ACSDA Board, gathered to pay their final respects to G. A. Grigoriev. During this time, they held an extraordinary plenary meeting of the All-Union Council of Seventh-day Adventists. The participants elected pastor P. A. Matsanov as the new chair of the ACSDA. They also selected five members for the ACSDA Presidium (Administrative Committee): P. A. Matsanov as chair, V. D. Yakovenko as vice-chair, A. G. Galladzhev as secretary-treasurer, F. V. Melnik, who was responsible for the SDA Church in Ukraine and later transferred to Kiev, and S. P. Kulyzhskiy, the pastor of the Moscow SDA church.

However, the atheist authorities were uncomfortable with believers, particularly active ones. In December 1954, when the membership of the Adventist Church in the USSR grew by over a thousand, reaching 15,527 registered and 2,644 unregistered members (a total of 18,571 members) in 193 congregations, P. A. Matsanov was stripped of his registration certificate as the leader of the Adventist Church in the USSR. As a result, the responsibilities of the chair were transferred to vice-chair V. D. Yakovenko. In Ukraine, F. V. Melnik also had his registration certificate revoked.

It was only after persistent petitions of the ACSDA and the members of the Moscow SDA church that the government allowed leading preachers and ACSDA board members to convene a meeting in Moscow in April 1955, for electing new leaders of the Adventist Church in the USSR. After complex debates, the delegates elected S. P. Kulyzhskiy a new chair of the All-Union Council of Seventh-day Adventists. P. G. Silman, an ethnic Estonian, was elected vice-chair and pastor for the Moscow SDA church. A. F. Parasey, from Moldova, was elected secretary-treasurer. Instead of him N. A. Yaruta was appointed pastor responsible for the Adventist Church in Moldova. A. G. Galladzhev was transferred from Rostov-on-Don to serve as a member of the ACSDA Board and the authorized representative of the ACSDA for Ukraine. A. I. Čolders, a senior pastor (chair) of the SDA Church in Latvia, also became a member of the ACSDA Board. Another six senior pastors were elected members of the ACSDA Board, together with two associate members and three members of the auditing committee.

However, it was not easy for the new leadership to withstand the pressure on the Church, both from external sources and from within, due to opposition that had emerged. Some pastors continued to recognize P. A. Matsanov, who had been transferred to Rostov-on-Don, as the spiritual leader of Adventists in the Soviet Union. As a result, a new spiritual center formed around Pastor Matsanov, who never relinquished his position as chair. The Soviet government contributed to the division within the Adventist Church in the USSR, hoping that this would destroy the Church. However, the Church was guided by God, not by men.

In 1959, the General Conference President Reuben R. Figuhr visited the Soviet Union as a tourist and met with Soviet Adventists in Moscow, Riga, and Leningrad. In December 1960, the Soviet authorities accused the leaders of the All-Union Council of Seventh-day Adventists of their inability to restore the order among the ministers, unwillingness to scale down their spiritual activity, and departure from the Bible principles, and gave the order to close the All-Union Council of Seventh-day Adventists, thus making the local churches self-governing entities. After the closure of the All-Union Council of Seventh-day Adventists, the government confiscated all the ACSDA documents, library, funds, and properties. The organizational structures of the Adventist Church in the Union Republics of the USSR were dismantled, leaving the Church in the USSR officially without leadership. Former leaders were ordered to work in the public sector but continued to lead the SDA Church unofficially. In many areas, churches were closed under various pretexts. Repressions against Adventist ministers resumed, and the division within the Church deepened, further intensifying the suffering of its members.

At the beginning of 1960, there were 187 Adventist congregations with 21,184 members in the USSR, without including unregistered congregations.

Final Years

In the 1980s, the leaders of the Adventist Church in the USSR petitioned the Council for Religious Affairs under the USSR Council of Ministers for restoring the activities of the All-Union Council of Seventh-day Adventists, but the authorities made it clear that the Council that was closed in December 1960 would never be restored. As a memento of this petition, the inscription “The All-Union Council of Seventh-day Adventists, city of Moscow,” as the name of the publisher, was left on the cover page of the Bible printed, with the permission of the Soviet authorities abroad in 1988.

Without obtaining permission to restore their All-Union organization, the church leaders began searching for alternative ways of establishing a nationwide administration of the SDA Church in the USSR. In this context they decided to convene inter-republican meetings of senior ministers.

In June 1985, the first Inter-Republican Meeting of the SDA Church was held in Tula, attended by 31 representatives from nearly all the Republics and Regions of the USSR. For the first time, the delegates addressed the issue of coordinating fraternal ties between the Adventist Church organizations in the republics. They established the Inter-Republican Coordinating Council of Seventh-day Adventists in the USSR, which was led by M. P. Kulakov and his assistant, N. A. Zhukalyuk.

In addition to Kulakov and Zhukalyuk, the members of the Coordinating Council included informal Adventist leaders from various Union Republics: A. F. Parasey and V. I. Prolinskiy (Ukraine), I. I. Morza (Belarus), I. V. Oltiņš (Latvia), Aarne Kriisk (Estonia), I. A. Gumenyuk (Moldova), D. P. Kulakov (Transcaucasian republics), A. F. Stele (Uzbekistan and Tajikistan), R. T. Wagner (Kyrgyzstan), and R. N. Volkoslavskiy (Kazakhstan). Brother D. O. Yunak was elected as the treasurer.

From 1985 to 1989, constituency meetings were held in the republican organizations of the SDA Church to elect new leaders, which necessitated changes in the leadership of the Inter-Republican Coordinating Council. To address this, the All-Union Conference was convened on March 15, 1989. The conference confirmed the credentials of M. P. Kulakov and N. A. Zhukalyuk and elected new members to the Inter-Republican Coordinating Council: I. I. Velgosha, V. A. Zilgalvis, G. V. Kochmar, M. M. Kulakov (Head of Theological Seminary), M. M. Murga, V. I. Prolinskiy, and D. O. Yunak (treasurer). This leadership team continued to serve until the establishment of the USSR Division in 1990.

Sources

Archives of the SDA Church in the USSR. Reports of the Board meetings of ACSDA (1920-1934).

Declaration of the 6^th All-Union Session of Seventh-day Adventists (Moscow, May 12-19, 1928). Moscow: ACSDA, 1928.

Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Helsinki: OSCE, 1975.

Grigoriev, G.A. Adventisty Sed’mogo Dnia v Rossii. Kratkiy istoricheskiy ocherk. Typescript. Moscow, 1946.

Matsanov, P.A., Matsanova, A.G. Po ternistomu puti. Zaokskiy: Istochnik Zhizni, 2003.

Parasey, A.F., and Zhukalyuk, N.A. Bednaya, brosaemaya bureyu. Kiev: Dzherelo Zhyttia, 1997.

Report of the 6^th All-Union Session of Seventh-day Adventists (Moscow, May 12-19, 1928). Moscow: ACSDA, 1928.

Seventh-day Adventist Encyclopedia, Commentary Reference Series. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1966, vol. 10.

Seventh-day Adventist Yearbook. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association,

1922, 1923, 1929, 1930, 1950, 1952, 1970, 1971, 1986, 1991, 1993.

Sputnik ateista. Second edition. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe Izdatelstvo Politicheskoy Literatury (GIPL), 1961.

Statisticheskiy otchet tserkvey ASD v SSSR za 1947 god. In the author's personal collection.

Teppone, V.V. Iz istorii Tserkvi Adventistov Sed’mogo Dnia v Rossii. Kaliningrad: Yantarnyi Skaz, 1993.

Yunak, D.O. Istoriya Tserkvi Adventistov Sed’mogo Dnia v Rossii (1886-2000). Zaokskiy: Istochnik Zhizni, 2002.

Notes

1. This article was updated and edited by Vladimir Ievenko.↩

2. Sputnik ateista. Second edition (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe Izdatelstvo Politicheskoy Literatury (GIPL), 1961), 164.↩

3. Seventh-day Adventist Encyclopedia, Commentary Reference Series (Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1976, vol.10), 456.↩

4. Golos Istiny, No. 4 (1927).↩

5. Declaration of the 6^th All-Union Session of Seventh-day Adventists (Moscow, May 12-19, 1928) (Moscow: ACSDA, 1928).↩

6. Report of the 6^th All-Union Session of Seventh-day Adventists (Moscow, May 12-19, 1928) (Moscow: ACSDA, 1928), 14-15, 18.↩

7. V. V. Teppone, Iz istorii Tserkvi Adventistov Sed’mogo Dnia v Rossii (Kaliningrad: Yantarnyi Skaz, 1993), 108.↩

8. P. A. Matsanov, and A. G. Matsanova, Po ternistomu puti (Zaokskiy: Istochnik Zhizni, 2003), 12-13.↩

9. Archives of the SDA Church in the USSR. Reports of the Board meetings of ACSDA (1920-1934): 235.↩

10. G. А. Grigoriev, Adventisty Sed’mogo Dnia v Rossii. Kratkiy istoricheskiy ocherk. Typescript (Moscow, 1946), 11.↩